Amadoriase having altered substrate specificity

ABSTRACT

This invention provides an amadoriase having high substrate specificity to fructosyl valyl histidine. Such amadoriase comprises substitution of one or more amino acid residues at positions corresponding to amino acids selected from the group consisting of position 98, position 259, position 154, position 125, position 261, position 263, position 106, position 103, position 355, position 96, position 66, position 67, position 70, position 100, position 110, position 113, position 114, and position 156 in the amadoriase derived from the genus  Coniochaeta . This invention enables accurate measurement of α-fructosyl valyl histidine derived from the β-chain amino terminus in glycated hemoglobin in the presence of ε-fructosyl lysine.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to amadoriases having altered substrate specificity, genes and recombinant DNAs thereof, and processes for producing amadoriases having altered substrate specificity.

BACKGROUND ART

Glycated proteins are generated by non-enzymatic covalent bonding between aldehyde groups in aldoses, such as glucose (monosaccharides potentially containing aldehyde groups and derivatives thereof), and amino groups in proteins, followed by Amadori rearrangement. Examples of amino groups in proteins include α-amino group of amino terminus and side chain ε-amino groups of lysine residue in proteins. Examples of known glycated proteins generated in vivo include glycated hemoglobin resulting from glycation of hemoglobin and glycated albumin resulting from glycation of albumin in the blood.

Among such glycated proteins generated in vivo, glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) has drawn attention as a glycemic control marker significant for diagnosis of diabetic patients and control of conditions in the field of clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The blood HbAlc level reflects the average blood glucose level for a given period of time in the past, and the measured value thereof serves as a significant indicator for diagnosis and control of diabetes conditions.

As a method for quickly and simply measuring HbAlc, an enzymatic method involving the use of amadoriases, wherein HbAlc is decomposed by a protease or other substance and α-fructosyl valyl histidine (hereafter, referred to as α-FVH) or α-fructosyl valine (hereafter, referred to as α-FV) released from the β-chain amino terminus is quantified, has been proposed (e.g., Patent Documents 1 to 6). According to a method in which α-FV is cleaved from HbAlc, in fact, the influence of contaminants is considered to be significant. At present, accordingly, a method in which α-FVH is measured is the major technique.

An amadoriase oxidizes iminodiacetic acid or a derivative thereof (also referred to as an “Amadori compound”) in the presence of oxygen to catalyze a reaction to generate glyoxylic acid or α-ketoaldehyde, amino acid or peptide, and hydrogen peroxide.

Amadoriases have been found in bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Examples of known amadoriases having enzyme activity to α-FVH and/or α-FV, which are particularly useful for measurement of HbAlc, include amadoriases derived from the genera Coniochaeta, Eupenicillium, Arthrinium, Curvularia, Leptosphaeria, Neocosmospora, Ophiobolus, Pleospora, Pyrenochaeta, Cryptococcus, Phaeosphaeria, Aspergillus, Ulocladium, and Penicillium (e.g., Patent Documents 1 and 7 to 11; Non-Patent Documents: 1 to 4). In some of the aforementioned documents, an amadoriase is occasionally referred to as, for example, ketoamine oxidase, fructosyl amino acid oxidase, fructosyl peptide oxidase, or fructosyl amine oxidase.

In the measurement of HbAlc by an enzymatic method, amadoriases are required to have stringent substrate specificity. When HbAlc is measured by quantifying released α-FVH as described above, for example, use of amadoriases that are less likely to react with glycated amino acids or glycated peptides other than α-FVH that are present freely in specimens and/or released in the process of HbAlc treatment using proteases or the like is preferable. In particular, side chain ε-amino groups of lysine residues contained in the hemoglobin molecules are known to undergo glycation, and ε-fructosyl lysine in which an amino group at position ε derived from the glycated lysine residue has been glycated (hereafter, referred to as “ε-FK”) is released by treatment with proteases or other substances (e.g., Non-Patent Document 5). Accordingly, amadoriases having high substrate specificity, which are less likely to react with ε-FK, potentially causing measurement errors, are strongly desired. However, the reactivity of most known amadoriases with ε-FK cannot be said to be sufficiently low.

As a general technique, a method of adding mutations to DNAs encoding enzymes, introducing substitutions into the amino acids of enzymes, and selecting enzymes with substrate specificity of interest in order to alter the substrate specificity of the enzymes is known. If an example of improving substrate specificity by amino acid substitution in enzymes with high homology is already known, further, improvement in the substrate specificity can be expected based on such information.

Regarding ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata YH923 and ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta 474, in fact, modified ketoamine oxidase having altered substrate specificity for α-FVH resulting from substitution of several amino acids has been found (Patent Document 1). In the case of ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata YH923, for example, substitution of isoleucine at position 58 with valine, arginine at position 62 with histidine, and phenylalanine at position 330 with leucine is found to reduce the ratio of activity (i.e., ε-FZK/α-FVH), which is determined by dividing enzyme activity to ε-fructosyl-(α-benzyloxycarbonyl lysine) (hereafter, referred to as “ε-FZK”) by enzyme activity to α-FVH to result in a figure from 0.95 to 0.025.

However, ε-FZK used for evaluation of substrate specificity of a modified ketoamine oxidase in the aforementioned document is very different from ε-FK that is actually generated in the process of treatment of glycated hemoglobin with a protease in terms of molecular weight and structure. Accordingly, it is difficult to conclude that reactivity to ε-FK, which could actually cause measurement errors, is reduced based on reduced reactivity to ε-FZK. In addition, there is no description to the effect that reduction in reactivity to ε-FK was confirmed with the use of the modified ketoamine oxidase in the aforementioned document.

In addition, modified fructosyl amino acid oxidase resulting from introduction of amino acid substitution into fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans A89 to alter substrate specificity, thereby additionally imparting reactivity to α-FVH thereto, has been reported (e.g., Patent Document 10). For example, substitution of serine at position 59 with glycine and lysine at position 65 with glycine or substitution of lysine at position 109 with glutamine of fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans A89 is found to additionally impart enzyme activity to α-FVH. However, there is no description to the effect that such amino acid substitution would contribute to a reduction in reactivity to ε-FK.

There is another report regarding a modified fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans A89, which is obtained by amino acid substitution to alter substrate specificity, thereby reducing the ratio of activity (i.e., ε-FK/α-FV), which is determined by dividing enzyme activity to ε-FK by enzyme activity to α-FV (e.g., Patent Document 12). However, there is no description regarding the activity of such modified enzyme on α-FVH.

Including naturally-occurring and modified amadoriases, specifically, only a very small number of reports have been made regarding amadoriases having low the ratio of activity (i.e., ε-FK/α-FVH and/or ε-FK/α-FV), which is determined by dividing enzyme activity to ε-FK by enzyme activity to α-FVH. Accordingly, there continues to be a need for amadoriases having sufficiently low reactivity to ε-FK enabling accurate measurement of HbAlc.

PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS Patent Documents

-   [Patent Document 1] WO 2004/104203 -   [Patent Document 2] WO 2005/49857 -   [Patent Document 3] JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2001-95598 A -   [Patent Document 4] JP Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 1105-33997 B     (1993) -   [Patent Document 5] JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 1411-127895 A     (1999) -   [Patent Document 6] WO 97/13872 -   [Patent Document 7] JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2003-235585 A -   [Patent Document 8] JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2004-275013 A -   [Patent Document 9] JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2004-275063 A -   [Patent Document 10] JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2010-35469 A -   [Patent Document 11] JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2010-57474 A -   [Patent Document 12] JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2010-104278 A

Non-Patent Documents

-   [Non-Patent Document 1] Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 311, 104-11,     2003 -   [Non-Patent Document 2] Biotechnol. Bioeng., 106, 358-66, 2010 -   [Non-Patent Document 3] J. Biosci. Biocng., 102, 241-3, 2006 -   [Non-Patent Document 4] Eur. J. Biochem., 242, 499-505, 1996 -   [Non-Patent Document 5] J. Biol. Chem., 279, 27613-20, 2004

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Object to Be Attained by the Invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide amadoriases having low reactivity to ε-FK and, more specifically, amadoriases having a low figure for ε-FK/α-FVH and/or ε-FK/α-FV.

Means for Attaining the Object

The present inventors have conducted concentrated studies in order to attain the above object. As a result, they discovered that such object could be attained by substituting a specific amino acid residue in the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta with another specific amino acid residue, thereby completing the present invention.

Specifically, the present invention is as follows.

(1) An amadoriase having the following properties (a) and/or (b):

(a) an amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by deletion, insertion, addition, and/or substitution of one or several amino acids and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine compared with an amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; and

(b) an amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by deletion, insertion, addition, and/or substitution of one or several amino acids and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.

(2) An amadoriase having one or more amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding to amino acids selected from the group consisting of the following (c) to (s) in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine and/or the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase prior to such substitution:

(c) glutamic acid at position 98;

(d) valine at position 259;

(e) serine at position 154;

(f) histidine at position 125;

(g) tyrosine at position 261;

(h) glycine at position 263;

(i) aspartic acid at position 106;

(j) glycine at position 103;

(k) alanine at position 355;

(l) aspartic acid at position 96;

(m) lysine at position 66 and/or valine at position 67;

(n) glutamine at position 70;

(o) threonine at position 100;

(p) glutamine at position 110;

(q) alanine at position 113;

(r) leucine at position 114; and

(s) aspartic acid at position 156.

(3) An amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by substitution of amino acids at positions corresponding to one or more an amino acids selected from the group consisting of the following (t) to (aj) and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine and/or the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase prior to such substitution:

(t) substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with an amino acid other than proline; that is, glutamine, histidine, lysine, arginine, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucme, leucine, methionine, cysteine, serine, threonine, asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan;

(u) substitution of valine at position 259 with alanine, cysteine, or serine;

(v) substitution of serine at position 154 with glycine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, or cysteine;

(w) substitution of histidine at position 125 with alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, glutamic acid, lysine, or arginine;

(x) substitution of tyrosine at position 261 with alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or lysine;

(y) substitution of glycine at position 263 with lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid;

(z) substitution of aspartic acid at position 106 with an amino acid having a lower molecular weight than aspartic acid; that is, glycine, alanine, serine, valine, threonine, cysteine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine;

(aa) substitution of glycine at position 103 with lysine, arginine, or histidine;

(ab) substitution of alanine at position 355 with lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid;

(ac) substitution of aspartic acid at position 96 with alanine, asparagine, histidine, or serine;

(ad) substitution of lysine at position 66 with glycine and/or valine at position 67 with proline;

(ae) substitution of glutamine at position 70 with proline;

(af) substitution of threonine at position 100 with argininc;

(ag) substitution of glutamine at position 110 with alanine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, asparagine, histidine, lysine, or arginine;

(ah) substitution of alanine at position 113 with glutamic acid or lysine;

(ai) substitution of leucine at position 114 with lysine or arginine; and

(aj) substitution of aspartic acid at position 156 with asparagine.

(4) The amadoriase according to (3) comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of (ba) to (be) below:

(ba) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine;

(bb) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with arginine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine;

(bc) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with glutamine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with alanine;

(bd) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with arginine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine; and

(be) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamine at position 110 with arginine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with alanine.

(5) An amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 272 by substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine and the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase prior to such substitution.

(6) An amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 by amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of (ca) to (cc) below and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine and the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase prior to such substitution:

(ca) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 98 with alanine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to lysine at position 110 with arginine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine;

(cb) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 98 with alanine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine; and

(cc) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to lysine at position 110 with arginine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine.

(7) An amadoriase gene encoding the amino acid sequence according to any of (1) to (6).

(8) A recombinant vector comprising the amadoriase gene according to (7).

(9) A host cell comprising the recombinant vector according to (8).

(10) A method for producing an amadoriase comprising the following steps:

(ak) culturing the host cell according to (6);

(al) expressing the amadoriase gene contained in the host cell; and

(am) isolating the amadoriase from the culture product.

(11) A kit used for measuring glycated hemoglobin comprising the amadoriase according to any of (1) to (6).

This description includes part or all of the content as disclosed in the descriptions and/or drawings of Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2010-176967 and 2010-213070, which are priority documents of the present application.

Effects of the Invention

According to the present invention, an amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity that can be advantageously utilized as an enzyme for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and a kit for measurement of a diabetes mellitus marker can be provided. More specifically, the present invention can provide an amadoriase having a low figure for ε-FK/α-FVH and/or ε-FK/α-FV.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows amino acid sequence homology examples for various known amadoriases.

FIG. 2 is a chart showing the capacity of the amadoriase of the present invention for α-FVH quantification.

EMBODIMENTS FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereafter, the present invention is described in detail.

(Amadoriase)

An amadoriase is also referred to as ketoamine oxidase, fructosyl amino acid oxidase, fructosyl peptide oxidase, or fructosyl amine oxidase, and it is an enzyme that oxidizes iminodiacetic acid or a derivative thereof (Amadori compound) in the presence of oxygen to catalyze a reaction to generate glyoxylic acid or α-ketoaldehyde, amino acid or peptide, and hydrogen peroxide. Amadoriases are widely distributed over the natural world and can be obtained by searching for enzymes derived from microorganisms, animals, or plants. In the microorganisms, amadoriases can be obtained from, for example, filamentous fungi, yeast, or bacteria.

The amadoriase according to the present invention is a modified amadoriase having altered substrate specificity, which is produced based on an amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta having the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Examples of such mutants include an amadoriase having an amino acid sequence having sequence identity (for example, 75% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, more preferably 85% or higher, still more preferably 90% or higher, further preferably 95% or higher, still further preferably 97% or higher, and most preferably 99% or higher) with SEQ ID NO: 1 and an amadoriase having an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by modification or mutation, deletion, substitution, addition, and/or insertion of one to several amino acids. As long as the conditions regarding substrate specificity and/or amino acid sequence described in the claims are satisfied, such mutant may be also produced based on an amadoriase derived from another organism species, such as the genus Eupenicillium, Arthrinium, Curvularia, Leptosphaeria, Neocosmospora, Ophiobolus, Pleospora, Pyrenochaeta, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Phaeosphaeria, Ulocladium, or Penicillium.

A mutant amadoriase having alter substrate specificity can be obtained through substitution of at least one amino acid residue in the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase.

Examples of amino acid substitution that alters substrate specificity include substitutions of amino acids at the positions corresponding to amino acids described below in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1:

(1) substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with, for example, an amino acid other than proline; that is, glutamine, histidine, lysine, arginine, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, cysteine, serine, threonine, asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan;

(2) substitution of valine at position 259 with, for example, alanine, cysteine, or serine;

(3) substitution of serine at position 154 with, for example, glycine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, or cysteine;

(4) substitution of histidine at position 125 with, for example, alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, glutamic acid, lysine, or arginine;

(5) substitution of tyrosine at position 261 with, for example, alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or lysine;

(6) substitution of glycine at position 263 with, for example, lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid;

(7) substitution of aspartic acid at position 106 with, for example, an amino acid having a lower molecular weight than aspartic acid; that is, glycine, alanine, serine, valine, threonine, cysteine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine;

(8) substitution of glycine at position 103 with, for example, lysine, arginine, or histidine;

(9) substitution of alanine at position 355 with, for example, lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid;

(10) substitution of aspartic acid at position 96 with, for example, alanine, asparagine, histidine, or serine;

(11) substitution of lysine at position 66 with, for example, glycine;

(12) substitution of valine at position 67 with, for example, proline;

(13) substitution of glutamine at position 70 with, for example, proline;

(14) substitution of threonine at position 100 with, for example, arginine;

(15) substitution of glutamine at position 110 with, for example, alanine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, asparagine, histidine, lysine, or arginine;

(16) substitution of alanine at position 113 with, for example, glutamic acid or lysine;

(17) substitution of leucine at position 114 with, for example, lysine or arginine; and

(18) substitution of aspartic acid at position 156 with, for example, asparagine.

A mutant amadoriase having altered substrate specificity may comprise at least one of the above amino acid substitutions. For example, a mutant amadoriase comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 amino acid substitutions described above.

Among them, mutants comprising substitution of amino acids corresponding to the amino acid positions described below are preferable. In the present invention, for example, a mutation of glutamine (Q) at position 110 being substituted with arginine (R) is designated as “Q110R.”

A mutant comprising substitution of lysine at position 66 and valine at position 67, such as K66G and V67P;

a mutant comprising substitution of lysine at position 66, valine at position 67, and glutamic acid at position 98, such as K66G, V67P, and E98A;

a mutant comprising substitution of lysine at position 66, valine at position 67, and glutamine at position 110, such as K660, V67P, and Q110R;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 and glutamine at position 110, such as E98A and Q110R;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamine at position 110 and histidine at position 125, such as Q110R and H125Q;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamine at position 110 and serine at position 154, such as Q110R and S154G or S154N;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamine at position 110 and alanine at position 355, such as Q110R and A355K;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 and glycine at position 103, such as E98A and G103R;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 and serine at position 154, such as E98A or E98R and S154N;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamine at position 110 and serine at position 154, such as Q110R and S154C;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamic acid at position 98, aspartic acid at position 106, and serine at position 154, such as E98A, D106S, and S154N;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamic acid at position 98, glutamine at position 110, and serine at position 154, such as E98A, Q110R, and S154N;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamine at position 110, histidine at position 125, and serine at position 154, such as Q110R, H125Q, and S154N;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 and valine at position 259, such as E98Q and V259A, E98Q and V259C, E98H and V259A, E98H and V259C, E98R and V259C, and E98A and V259C;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 and glycine at position 263, such as E98A and G263R;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamine at position 110 and valine at position 259, such as Q110R and V259A;

a mutant comprising substitution of serine at position 154 and valine at position 259, such as S154D and V259A;

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamic acid at position 98, serine at position 154, and valine at position 259, such as E98A, S154N, and V259C; and

a mutant comprising substitution of glutamine at position 110, scrine at position 154, and valine at position 259, such as Q110R, S154N, and V259A.

Among such combinations of amino acid substitutions, a combination according to any of the following (ba) to (be) is preferable:

(ba) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine;

(bb) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with arginine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to scrine at position 154 with asparagine;

(bc) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with glutamine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with alanine;

(bd) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with arginine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine; and

(be) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamine at position 110 with arginine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with alanine.

The mutant amadoriase having altered substrate specificity of the present invention encompasses a mutant amadoriase having altered substrate specificity, which comprises an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by the above-described amino acid substitution that improves substrate specificity and, at positions other than the above, by deletion, insertion, addition, and/or substitution of one or several (e.g., 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 5, more preferably 1 to 3, and particularly preferably 1) amino acids, and has amadoriase activity. In addition, a mutant amadoriase having altered substrate specificity, which comprises amino acid substitution intended to alter substrate specificity and amino acid substitution intended to improve heat resistance and having sequence identity of 90% or higher, more preferably 95% or higher, still more preferably 97% or higher, and particularly preferably 99% or higher at the amino acid level with a region of the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 excluding the substituted amino acids, and has amadoriase activity, is within the scope of the mutant amadoriase of the present invention.

In the above-described amino acid substitution, amino acid positions indicate positions in the amino acid sequence of an amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. In the case of the amino acid sequence of an amadoriase derived from other species, an amino acid at a position corresponding to the position in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 is substituted. The term “position corresponding to . . . ” is defined below.

(Acquisition of Gene Encoding Amadoriase)

A gene cloning method that is generally used is typically used for obtaining genes in accordance with the present invention encoding these amadoriases (hereinafter, also referred to as merely “amadoriase gene”). For example, chromosomal DNA or mRNA can be extracted from a microorganism fungus body or various cells having an ability to produce an amadoriase by a conventional technique, such as a method described in “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (WILEY Interscience, 1989). In addition, cDNA can be synthesized using mRNA as a template. A chromosomal DNA or cDNA library can be made using the chromosomal DNA or cDNA obtained in such a manner.

Subsequently, DNA including the full length of a target amadoriase gene can be obtained by a method of synthesizing an appropriate probe DNA on the basis of the amino acid sequence of the aforementioned amadoriase and selecting an amadoriase gene from the chromosomal DNA or cDNA library using the probe DNA. Alternatively, an appropriate primer DNA may be produced on the basis of the aforementioned amino acid sequence, DNA including a target gene fragment encoding the amadoriase gene may be amplified by an appropriate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, such as the 5′ RACE or 3′ RACE method, and resulting DNA fragments may then be linked.

A preferable example of a gene encoding an amadoriase thus obtained is an amadoriase gene derived from the genus Coniochaeta (Patent Document 7).

Such amadoriase genes are preferably linked to various vectors according to a conventional technique from the viewpoint of handleability. For example, DNA encoding an amadoriase gene can be extracted and purified from a recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP (Patent Document 7) including DNA encoding an amadoriase gene derived from a strain of Coniochaeta sp. NISL9330 by using QIAGEN (manufactured by Qiagen K.K.).

(Vector)

Vectors that can be used in the present invention are not limited to the aforementioned plasmid vectors but include, for example, any other vectors known in the art, such as bacteriophage or cosmid vectors. Specifically, for example, pBluescriptII SK+ (manufactured by Stratagene Corporation) is preferable.

(Mutation of Amadoriase Gene)

Mutation of an amadoriase gene can be performed by any known method depending on an intended form of mutation. More specifically, a method of bringing a chemical mutagen into contact with and allowing to act on an amadoriase gene or recombinant DNA comprising such gene integrated therein; an ultraviolet irradiation method; a genetic engineering technique; a method of making full use of a protein engineering technique; or other methods can be widely used.

Examples of chemical mutagens used in the aforementioned mutation include hydroxylamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, nitrous acid, sulfurous acid, hydrazine, formic acid, and 5-bromouracil.

Various conditions for the contact/reactions may be adopted depending on the type of a drug to be used and are not particularly limited where a desired mutation can be actually induced in an amadoriase gene. Usually, the desired mutation can be induced by contact/reactions under a reaction temperature of 20° C. to 80° C. for 10 minutes or longer, preferably 10 to 180 minutes, preferably at the aforementioned drug concentration of 0.5 to 12 M. The ultraviolet irradiation may be also performed according to a conventional technique as described above (Gendai Kagaku, pp. 24-30, the June 1989).

As the method of making full use of the protein engineering technique, a technique known as site-specific mutagenesis can be generally used, and examples of which include a Kramer method (Nucleic Acids Res., 12, 9441, 1984; Methods Enzymol., 154, 350, 1987; Gene, 37, 73, 1985), an Eckstein method (Nucleic Acids Res., 13, 8749, 1985; Nucleic Acids Res., 13, 8765, 1985; Nucleic Acids Res, 14, 9679, 1986), and a Kunkel method (Proc. Natl. Acid. Sci. U.S.A., 82, 488, 1985; Methods Enzymol., 154, 367, 1987).

A technique known as a general PCR can be also used (Technique, 1, 11, 1989). In addition to the conventional genetic mutation technique, by an organic synthesis method or synthetic method of an enzyme, desired altered amadoriase genes can be also directly synthesized.

The DNA nucleotide sequences of amadoriase genes obtained by the aforementioned methods may be determined or verified by, for example, using a CEQ 2000 multi-capillary DNA analysis system (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.).

(Transformation/Transduction)

The amadoriase genes obtained as described above are integrated into a vector such as a bacteriophage vector, a cosmid vector, or a plasmid vector used in transformation of a procaryotic or eucaryotic cell by a conventional technique, and a host corresponding to each vector can be transformed or transduced by a conventional technique. For example, a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, such as the obtained recombinant DNA, is used as the host to transform a strain of E. coli K-12, and preferably a strain of E. coli JM109 or E. coli DH5α (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.), or such microorganism is transduced into such strain. Thus, transformed or transduced strains of interest can be obtained.

(Amino Acid Sequence Homology)

The amino acid sequence homology can be calculated by a program such as maximum matching or search homology of GENETYX-Mac (manufactured by Software Development Co., Ltd.) or a program such as maximum matching or multiple alignment of DNA SIS Pro (manufactured by Hitachi Software Engineering Co., Ltd.).

(Identification of Position Corresponding to Amino Acid)

The term “position corresponding to an amino acid” refers to a position in an amino acid sequence of an amadoriase derived from another organism species corresponding to an amino acid at a specific position in the amino acid sequence of an amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.

A method of identifying the “position corresponding to an amino acid” may be also performed by comparing amino acid sequences using a known algorithm such as a Lipman-Pearson method to assign maximum homology to conserved amino acid residues present in the amino acid sequence of each amadoriase. The positions of the homologous amino acid residues in each of the amadoriase sequences can be determined, regardless of insertion or deletion of amino acid residue(s) in the amino acid sequences by aligning the amino acid sequences of the amadoriases by such method. The homologous amino acid residues may be located at the same positions in three-dimensional structures, and the target amadoriases may be estimated to have similar effects in terms of specificity functions. FIG. 1 shows alignments of amadoriase sequences derived from various organism species. Based on FIG. 1, a position in an amino acid sequence of an amadoriase derived from another organism species corresponding to an amino acid at a specific position in the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta can be identified. FIG. 1 shows amino acid sequences of an amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta, an amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to lysine at position 66 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to lysine at position 66 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to glycine at position 66 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, lysine at position 66 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., proline at position 66 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., lysine at position 66 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, lysine at position 66 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, proline at position 66 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, proline at position 66 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, lysine at position 65 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, lysine at position 66 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and glycine at position 66 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to valine at position 67 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to valine at position 67 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to proline at position 67 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, valine at position 67 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., valine at position 67 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., valine at position 67 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, valine at position 67 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, valine at position 67 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, valine at position 67 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, proline at position 66 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, valine at position 67 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and proline at position 67 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to glutamine at position 70 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to glutamine at position 70 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to glutamine at position 70 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, glutamine at position 70 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., glutamine at position 70 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., glutamine at position 70 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, glutamine at position 70 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, glutamine at position 70 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, glutamine at position 70 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, glutamine at position 69 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, glutamine at position 70 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and glutamine at position 70 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to aspartic acid at position 96 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to aspartic acid at position 96 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to aspartic acid at position 96 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, aspartic acid at position 96 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., aspartic acid at position 96 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., aspartic acid at position 96 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, aspartic acid at position 96 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, aspartic acid at position 96 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, aspartic acid at position 96 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, aspartic acid at position 95 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, aspartic acid at position 96 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and aspartic acid at position 96 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to serine at position 98 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, alanine at position 98 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., glutamic acid at position 98 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., alanine at position 98 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, glutamic acid at position 98 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, alanine at position 98 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, alanine at position 98 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, serine at position 97 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, alanine at position 98 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and serine at position 98 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellutn.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to threonine at position 100 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to threonine at position 100 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to serine at position 100 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, glycine at position 100 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., threonine at position 100 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., glycine at position 100 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, serine at position 100 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, threonine at position 100 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, glycine at position 100 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, threonine at position 99 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, glycine at position 100 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and serine at position 100 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to glycine at position 103 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to glycine at position 103 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to glycine at position 103 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, glycine at position 103 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., glycine at position 103 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., glycine at position 103 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, glycine at position 103 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, serine at position 103 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, aspartic acid at position 103 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, glycine at position 102 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, glycine at position 103 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and glycine at position 103 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to aspartic acid at position 106 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to aspartic acid at position 106 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to asparagine at position 106 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, aspartic acid at position 106 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., alanine at position 106 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., aspartic acid at position 106 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, glycine at position 106 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, serine at position 106 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, aspartic acid at position 106 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, glycine at position 105 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, aspartic acid at position 106 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and serine at position 106 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to glutamine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to glutamine at position 110 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to lysinc at position 110 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, alanine at position 110 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., glutamine at position 110 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., alanine at position 110 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, glutamic acid at position 110 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, serine at position 110 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, glycine at position 110 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, lysine at position 109 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, alanine at position 110 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and lysine at position 110 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to alanine at position 113 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to alanine at position 113 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to threonine at position 113 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, threonine at position 113 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., threonine at position 113 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., alanine at position 113 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, lysine at position 113 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, alanine at position 113 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, alanine at position 113 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, serine at position 112 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, alanine at position 113 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladiuin sp., and aspartic acid at position 113 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to leucine at position 114 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to leucine at position 114 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to leucine at position 114 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, leucine at position 114 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., leucine at position 114 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., leucine at position 114 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, leucine at position 114 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, isoleucine at position 114 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, leucine at position 114 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, leucine at position 113 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, leucine at position 114 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and leucine at position 114 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

The term “a position corresponding to histidine at position 125 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to histidine at position 125 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. It can also be identified by aligning the amino acid sequences by the aforementioned method.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to asparagine at position 125 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, asparagine at position 125 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., threonine at position 125 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., threonine at position 125 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, histidine at position 125 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, histidine at position 125 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, asparagine at position 123 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, asparagine at position 124 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, threonine at position 125 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and asparagine at position 125 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

Further, the term “a position corresponding to serine at position 154 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to serine at position 154 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. It can also be identified by aligning the amino acid sequences by the aforementioned method.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to cysteine at position 154 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, serine at position 154 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., serine at position 154 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., serine at position 154 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, serine at position 154 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, serine at position 154 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, serine at position 152 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, cysteine at position 153 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, serine at position 154 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and cysteine at position 154 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, further, the term “a position corresponding to aspartic acid at position 156 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to aspartic acid at position 156 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to aspartic acid at position 156 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, aspartic acid at position 156 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., aspartic acid at position 156 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., aspartic acid at position 156 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, glutamic acid at position 156 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, aspartic acid at position 156 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, aspartic acid at position 154 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, aspartic acid at position 155 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, aspartic acid at position 156 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and aspartic acid at position 156 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

Further, the “a position corresponding to valine at position 259 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to valine at position 259 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. It can also be identified by aligning the amino acid sequences by the aforementioned method.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to valine at position 259 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, valine at position 257 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., valine at position 259 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., valine at position 257 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, valine at position 259 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, valine at position 259 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, valine at position 255 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, valine at position 259 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, valine at position 257 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and valine at position 259 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

Further, the term “a position corresponding to tyrosine at position 261 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to tyrosine at position 261 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. It can also be identified by aligning the amino acid sequences by the aforementioned method.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to tyrosine at position 261 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, tyrosine at position 259 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., tyrosine at position 261 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., tyrosine at position 259 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, tyrosine at position 261 in the ketoamine oxidasc derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, tyrosine at position 261 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, tyrosine at position 257 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, tyrosine at position 261 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, tyrosine at position 259 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and tyrosine at position 261 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

In the present invention, the term “a position corresponding to glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to glycine at position 263 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, the amino acid sequences can be aligned and identified by the aforementioned method of identifying “an amino acid at a position corresponding to an amino acid”.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to glycine at position 263 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, glycine at position 261 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., glycine at position 263 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthriniurn sp., glycine at position 261 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, glycine at position 263 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, serine at position 263 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, glycine at position 259 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, glycine at position 263 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, glycine at position 261 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and glycine at position 263 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

Further, the term “a position corresponding to alanine at position 355 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1” refers to an amino acid corresponding to alanine at position 355 in the amadoriase sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, when the identified amino acid sequence of amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. It can also be identified by aligning the amino acid sequences by the aforementioned method.

Specifically, the amino acid corresponds to alanine at position 355 in the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, alanine at position 353 in the ketoaminc oxidase derived from Pyrenochaeta sp., alanine at position 356 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Arthrinium sp., alanine at position 353 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Curvularia clavata, serine at position 355 in the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, alanine at position 355 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, alanine at position 351 in the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, alanine at position 355 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, alanine at position 353 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Ulocladium sp., and alanine at position 355 in the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium janthinellum.

(Production of the Amadoriase of the Present Invention)

In order to produce an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity with the use of the strain having an ability to produce such amadoriase obtained as described above, the strain may be cultured by a general solid culture method, although liquid culture is more preferable wherever possible.

Examples of media that can be used to culture the aforementioned strains include media prepared by adding one or more of inorganic salts, such as sodium chloride, monopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, and manganese sulfate, to one or more nitrogen sources, such as a yeast extract, tryptone, peptone, a meat extract, a corn steep liquor, and a leaching solution of soybean or wheat bran, and further adding saccharine materials, vitamins, and the like thereto, according to need.

It is appropriate to adjust the initial pH of the media to 7 to 9.

In addition, culture is preferably performed at 20° C. to 42° C., and more preferably at about 37° C. for 4 to 24 hours, and further preferably at about 37° C. for 4 to 8 hours, by, for example, aeration spinner submerged culture, shake culture, or stationary culture.

Following the completion of culture, amadoriases may be collected from the culture products with enzyme collecting means that are generally employed. For example, a strain may be subjected to ultrasonic disintegration treatment or grinding treatment by a usual method, the enzyme may be extracted using a lytic enzyme such as lysozyme, or bacteriolysis may be effected on shaking or still standing in the presence of toluene to exhaust the enzyme from the fungus body to the outside. The solution is filtrated or centrifuged to remove a solid content, according to need, nucleic acid is removed with the aid of streptomycin sulfate, protamine sulfate, or manganese sulfate, ammonium sulfate, alcohol, or acetone is added to the solution so as to fractionate the solution, and sediments are then collected to obtain the crude enzymes of the amadoriases.

The purified amadoriase enzyme preparation can be obtained from: the crude enzyme of the aforementioned amadoriase by a method appropriately selected from gel filtration methods using Sephadex, Superdex, or Ultrogel; adsorption-elution methods using ion exchangers; electrophoretic methods using polyacrylamide gels, etc.; adsorption-elution methods using hydroxyapatite; sedimentation methods such as sucrose density-gradient centrifugation; affinity chromatographic methods; and fractionation methods using a molecular sieve membrane, a hollow-fiber membrane, etc., or by a combination thereof. Thus, an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity as desired can be obtained.

(Lowered Reactivity of the Amadoriase of the Present Invention to ε-FK)

The amadoriase of the present invention obtained by the means described above have improved substrate specificity as a result of mutation in the amino acid sequence caused by genetic modification or other means. Specifically, the ratio of “reactivity to ε-FK”/“reactivity to α-FVH” or the ratio of “reactivity to ε-FK”/“reactivity to α-FV” is lowered compared with that before modification. Alternatively, both the ratio of “reactivity to ε-FK”/“reactivity to α-FVH” and the ratio of “reactivity to ε-FK”/“reactivity to α-FV” are lowered compared with those before modification.

When glycated hemoglobin levels are measured, high reactivity to ε-FK may cause measurement errors. Accordingly, a lower reactivity to ε-FK is preferable. Specifically, the value represented by ε-FK/α-FVH, which indicates the ratio of reactivity of the amadoriase of the present invention to ε-FK relative to the reactivity thereof to α-FVH is preferably reduced by at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, and more preferably at least 40% compared with that before modification.

Also, the value represented by ε-FK/α-FV, which indicates the ratio of reactivity of the amadoriase of the present invention to ε-FK relative to the reactivity thereof to α-FV, is preferably reduced by at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, further preferably at least 30%, and still further preferably at least 40% compared with that before modification.

The ratio of the reactivity to ε-FK relative to the reactivity to α-FVH or the ratio of the reactivity to ε-FK relative to the reactivity to α-FV can be measured under arbitrary conditions via known techniques of amadoriase measurement, and the measurement results can then be compared with the values before modification. For example, the activity value measured with the addition of 5 mM ε-FK at pH 7.0 may be divided by the activity value measured with the addition of 5 mM α-FVH, the ratio of the reactivity to ε-FK relative to the reactivity to α-FVH may be determined based thereon, and the obtained value may then be compared with that before modification. Also, the activity value measured with the addition of 5 mM ε-FK at pH 7.0 may be divided by the activity value measured with the addition of 5 mM α-FV, the ratio of the reactivity to ε-FK relative to the reactivity to α-FV may be determined based thereon, and the obtained value may then be compared with that before modification.

An example of the amadoriase of the present invention having improved substrate specificity compared with that before modification is an amadoriase produced by a strain of E. coli JM109 (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Y261W). In the case of such amadoriases having improved substrate specificity as described above, a degree of ε-FK measured as a noise is satisfactorily reduced. Since α-FVH, which is a glycated amino acid released from the β-chain amino terminus in HbAlc, or α-FV, which is a glycated amino acid released from the β-chain amino terminus in HbAlc, can be selectively measured, accurate measurement can be carried out, and such amadoriase of the present invention is very useful at an industrial level.

(Method of Measuring Activity of Amadoriase)

The activity of an amadoriase can be measured by various methods. An example of the method of measuring the activity of an amadoriase as used herein is described below.

Examples of major methods for measuring the enzyme activity of the amadoriase of the present invention include a method of measuring the amount of hydrogen peroxide generated by enzyme reactions and a method of measuring the amount of oxygen consumed in enzyme reactions. An example of the method of measuring the amount of hydrogen peroxide is described below.

For measurement of the activity of the amadoriase of the present invention, α-FVH, ε-FK, or α-FV is used as a substrate, unless otherwise specified. Regarding an enzyme titer, the amount of enzyme used to generate 1 μmol of hydrogen peroxide per minute is defined as 1 U, when measurement is carried out using α-FVH, ε-FK, or α-FV as a substrate.

Glycated amino acids such as ε-FK and glycated peptides such as α-FVH synthesized and purified in accordance with, for example, the method of Sakaue et al. (see JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2001-95598 A) can be used.

A: Preparation of Reagent (1) Reagent 1: Peroxidase-4-Amino Antipyrine Solution

Peroxidase (5.0 kU, manufactured by Kikkoman Corporation) and 100 mg of 4-amino antipyrine (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) are dissolved in a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 7.5, or 8.0), and the volume of the solution is fixed at 1,000 ml.

(2) Reagent 2: TOOS Solution

TOOS (500 mg, manufactured by Dojindo Laboratories) is dissolved in ion-exchange water, and the volume of the solution is fixed at 100 ml.

(3) Reagent 3: Substrate Solution (150 mM; Final Concentration: 5 mM)

α-FVH (625 mg), 462 mg of ε-FK, or 419 mg of α-FV is dissolved in ion-exchange water, and the volume of the solution is fixed at 10 ml.

B. Method for Measuring Activity

Reagent 1 (2.7 ml), 100 μl of Reagent 2, and 100 μl of enzyme solution are mixed, and the mixture is preliminarily heated at 37° C. for 5 minutes. Subsequently, 100 μl of Reagent 3 is added, the resultant is thoroughly mixed, and the absorbance at 555 nm is then measured using a spectrophotometer (U-3010A, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies). The measurement values are based on the change in absorbance per minute from 1 to 2 minutes at 555 nm. A control solution was made by the same method except that 100 μl of ion-exchange water was added as a substitute for 100 μl of Reagent 3. A graph, in which relationships with the amounts of generated chromogen were examined, was prepared using a standard solution of hydrogen peroxide made beforehand as a substitute for Reagent 3 and ion-exchange water as a substitute for the enzyme solution. The number of micromoles of hydrogen peroxide generated per minute at 37° C. was calculated using the graph, and the unit of activity in the enzyme solution was based on the calculated value.

Hereafter, the present invention is described in greater detail with reference to the examples, although the technical scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.

Example 1 (1) Preparation of DNA of Recombinant Plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7

A strain of E. coli 1M109 (pKK223-3-CFP-T7) having the recombinant plasmid of an amadoriase gene (SEQ ID NO: 2) derived from the genus Coniochaeta (see WO 2007/125779) was inoculated into 3 ml of LB-amp media (1% (w/v) bactotrypton, 0.5% (w/v) peptone, 0.5% (w/v) NaCl, and 50 μg/ml ampicillin) and shake culture was conducted at 37° C. for 16 hours to obtain a culture product.

The culture product was centrifuged at 10,000×g for 1 minute to collect strains. A recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 was extracted and purified therefrom using the GenElute Plasmid Mini-Prep Kit (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Corporation), and 2.5 μg of DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 was obtained.

(2) Site-Directed Modification Operation of DNA Recombinant Plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7

PCR was carried out under conditions described below using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.).

Specifically, 5 μl of 10×KOD-Plus-buffer, 5 μl of a dNTPs mixture in which each dNTP is adjusted at 2 mM, 2 μl of a 25 mM MgSO₄ solution, 50 ng of DNA of pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, 15 pmol each of the synthetic oligonucleotides, and 1 unit of KOD-Plus were mixed, and sterilized water was added thereto in order to bring the total amount of the solution to 50 μl. The prepared reaction solution was subjected to incubation using a thermal cycler (manufactured by Eppendorf Co.) at 94° C. for 2 minutes, and a cycle of 94° C. for 15 seconds, 50° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 6 minutes was then repeated 30 times.

A part of the reaction solution was electrophoresed on 1.0% agarose gel, and specific amplification of about 6,000 bp DNA was confirmed. The DNAs obtained in such a manner were treated with a restriction enzyme DpnI (manufactured by New England Biolabs), the remaining template DNAs were cleaved, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the transformants were then spread on LB-amp agar media. The grown colonies were inoculated into LB-amp media and shake-cultured therein, and plasmid DNAs were isolated in the same manner as in (1) above. A DNA nucleotide sequence encoding an amadoriase in the plasmid was determined using a CEQ 2000 multi-capillary DNA analysis system (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.). Thus, the recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of lysine at position 66 with glycine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-K66G).

In order to substitute valine at position 67 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with proline, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 6, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of valine at position 67 with proline was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-V67P).

In order to substitute lysine at position 66 and valine at position 67 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glycine and proline, respectively, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of lysine at position 66 and valine at position 67 with glycine and proline, respectively, were obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-K66GV67P).

In order to substitute glutamine at position 70 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with proline, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 10, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamine at position 70 with proline was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q70P).

In order to substitute aspartic acid at position 96 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of aspartic acid at position 96 with alanine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D96A).

In order to substitute glutamic acid at position 98 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glutamine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 13 and 14, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with glutamine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98Q).

In order to substitute threonine at position 100 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with arginine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of threonine at position 100 with arginine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-T100R).

In order to substitute glycine at position 103 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with arginine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 18, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glycine at position 103 with arginine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G103R).

In order to substitute aspartic acid at position 106 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of aspartic acid at position 106 with alanine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106A).

In order to substitute glutamine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 22, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamine at position 110 with alanine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110A).

In order to substitute alanine at position 113 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glutamic acid, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of alanine at position 113 with glutamic acid was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-A113E).

In order to substitute leucine at position 114 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with lysine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 26, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriasc resulting from substitution of leucine at position 114 with lysine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-L114K).

In order to substitute histidine at position 125 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glutamic acid, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 28, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of histidine at position 125 with glutamic acid was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125E).

In order to substitute serine at position 154 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glutamic acid, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of serine at position 154 with glutamic acid was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154E).

In order to substitute aspartic acid at position 156 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with asparagine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of aspartic acid at position 156 with asparagine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D156N).

In order to substitute valine at position 259 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-'f7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of valine at position 259 with alanine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-V259A).

In order to substitute tyrosine at position 261 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 36, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of tyrosine at position 261 with alanine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Y261A).

In order to substitute glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with arginine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 38, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glycine at position 263 with arginine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G263R).

In order to substitute alanine at position 355 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with lysine, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 39 and 40, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, a recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of alanine at position 355 with lysine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-A355K).

(3) Production of Various Types of Modified Amadoriases

The E. coli JM109 strains carrying the recombinant plasmids obtained by the above-described procedures were cultured in 3 ml of LB-amp media supplemented with 0.1 mM IPTG at 30° C. for 16 hours. The resulting cultured strains were washed with 20 mM HEPES-NaOH buffer (pH 7.0), the washed strains were suspended therein, the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare 0.6 ml of an enzyme solution used for confirmation of substrate specificity.

(4) Measurement of ε-FK/α-PVH and ε-FK/α-FV

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in the “B: Method of activity measurement” above. For the purpose of comparison, the amadoriase before modification that had been produced from the E. coli JM109 strain (pKK223-3-CFP-T7) was subjected to measurement in the same manner. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrinc solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used.

As a result, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the amadoriase before modification that is produced by the E. coli JM109 strain (pKK223-3-CFP-T7) obtained based on the result of the measurement or enzyme activity was found to be 0.316 and the ε-FK/α-FV was found to be 0.093.

The ε-FK/α-FVH and the ε-FK/α-FV values of various amadoriases after modification resulting from site-directed mutagenesis and the ratio of ε-FK/α-FVH and the ratio of ε-FK/α-FV of the amadoriases after modification determined based on the ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV values of amadoriases before modification designated as 100% are as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/ ε-FK/ ε-FK/ Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH α-FVH (%) α-FV α-FV(%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-K66G K66G 3 and 4 0.255 81 0.080 86 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-V67P V67P 5 and 6 0.239 76 0.072 77 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-K66GV67P K66G, 7 and 8 0.185 59 0.071 76 V67P pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q70P Q70P 9 and 10 0.147 47 0.050 54 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D96A D96A 11 and 12 0.078 25 0.018 19 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98Q E98Q 13 and 14 0.087 28 0.037 40 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-T100R T100R 15 and 16 0.175 55 0.069 74 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G103R G103R 17 and 18 0.110 35 0.050 54 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106A D106A 19 and 20 0.164 52 0.066 71 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110A Q110A 21 and 22 0.248 78 0.081 87 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-A113E A113E 23 and 24 0.279 88 Not measured pKK223-3-CFP-T7-L114K L114K 25 and 26 0.095 30 0.036 39 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125E H125E 27 and 28 0.216 68 Not measured pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154E S154E 29 and 30 0.162 51 0.047 51 pKK223- CFP-T7-D156N D156N 31 and 32 0.171 54 0.074 80 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-V259A V259A 33 and 34 0.080 25 0.029 31 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Y261A Y261A 35 and 36 0.145 46 Not measured pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G263R G263R 37 and 38 0.123 39 0.055 59 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-A355K A355K 39 and 40 0.177 56 0.048 52

As shown in Table 1, specifically, all of the modified amadoriases have improved substrate specificity.

Example 2 Test for Point Mutation of Aspartic Acid at Position 96

Aspartic acid at position 96 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 41 to 46), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of aspartic acid at position 96 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV and ε-FK by the method described in the “B: Method of activity measurement” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ Ratio of ε-FK/ Ratio of Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH ε-FK/α-FVH (%) α-FV ε-FK/α-FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D96A D96A 11 and 12 0.078 25 0.018 19 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D96S D96S 41 and 42 0.100 32 0.021 23 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D96N D96N 43 and 44 0.221 70 0.025 27 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D96H D96H 45 and 46 0.095 30 0.023 25

As shown in Table 2, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by substitution of aspartic acid at position 96 with alanine, serine, asparagine, or histidine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 3 Test for Point Mutation of Glutamic Acid at Position 98

Glutamic acid at position 98 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 3 (SEQ ID NOs: 47 to 82), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ Ratio of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH ε-FK/α-FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98Q E98Q 13 and 14 0.087 28 0.037 40 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98H E98H 47 and 48 0.107 34 0.041 44 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98K E98K 49 and 50 0.051 16 0.021 23 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98R E98R 51 and 52 0.039 12 0.015 16 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98G E98G 53 and 54 0.120 38 0.044 47 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98A E98A 55 and 56 0.122 39 0.048 52 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98V E98V 57 and 58 0.113 36 0.046 49 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98I E98I 59 and 60 0.121 38 0.042 45 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98L E98L 61 and 62 0.064 20 0.023 25 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98M E98M 63 and 64 0.083 26 0.034 37 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98C E98C 65 and 66 0.111 35 0.043 46 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98S E98S 67 and 68 0.122 39 0.046 49 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98T E98T 69 and 70 0.118 37 0.047 51 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98N E98N 71 and 72 0.105 33 0.039 42 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98D E98D 73 and 74 0.207 66 0.077 83 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98F E98F 75 and 76 0.080 25 0.039 42 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98Y E98Y 77 and 78 0.104 33 0.045 48 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98W E98W 79 and 80 0.082 26 0.035 38 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98P E98P 81 and 82 Unmeasurable Unmeasurable

As shown in Table 3, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with another amino acid other than proline; that is, any of glutamine, histidine, lysine, arginine, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, cysteine, serine, threonine, asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316) and the ε-FK/α-FV value thereof was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity. When glutamic acid at position 98 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 was substituted with proline, enzyme expression was not observed.

Example 4 Test for Point Mutation of Glycine at Position 103

Glycine at position 103 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 4 (SEQ ID NOs: 83, 84, 255, and 256), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of glycine at position 103 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G103R G103R 17 and 18 0.110 35 0.050 54 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G103K G103K 83 and 84 0.134 42 0.055 59 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G103H G103H 255 and 256 0.181 57 0.070 75

As shown in Table 4, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glycine at position 103 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with arginine, lysine, or histidine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 5 Test for Point Mutation of Aspartic Acid at Position 106

Aspartic acid at position 106 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 5 (SEQ ID NOs: 85 to 100), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of aspartic acid at position 106 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106A D106A 19 and 20 0.164 52 0.066 71 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106G D106G 85 and 86 0.163 52 0.065 70 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106S D106S 87 and 88 0.173 55 0.071 76 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106T D106T 89 and 90 0.171 54 0.073 78 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106N D106N 91 and 92 0.152 48 0.068 73 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106C D106C 93 and 94 0.180 57 0.070 75 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106V D106V 95 and 96 0.182 58 0.079 85 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106L D106L 97 and 98 0.158 50 0.074 80 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-D106I D106I  99 and 100 0.163 52 0.072 77

As shown in Table 5, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of aspartic acid at position 106 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with an amino acid having a molecular weight smaller than that of aspartic acid; that is, glycine, alanine, serine, valine, threonine, cysteine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine, was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 6 Test for Point Mutation of Glutamine at Position 110

Glutamine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 6 (SEQ ID NOs: 101 to 118), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of glutamine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110A Q110A 21 and 22 0.248 78 0.081 87 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110L Q110L 101 and 102 0.255 81 0.104 112 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110M Q110M 103 and 104 0.247 78 0.101 109 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110F Q110F 105 and 106 0.187 59 0.086 92 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110W Q110W 107 and 108 0.251 79 0.075 81 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110N Q110N 109 and 110 0.235 74 0.085 91 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110H Q110H 111 and 112 0.199 63 0.069 74 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110K Q110K 113 and 114 0.142 45 0.064 69 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110R Q110R 115 and 116 0.105 33 0.048 52 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110E Q110E 117 and 118 0.595 188 0.193 208

As shown in Table 6, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, asparagine, histidine, lysine, or arginine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamine at position 110 with alanine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, asparagine, histidine, lysine, or arginine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity. In contrast, the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glutamic acid were higher than the values before modification (i.e. 0.316 and 0.093).

Example 7 Test for Point Mutation of Alanine at Position 113

Alanine at position 113 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 7 (SEQ ID NOs: 119 and 120), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of alanine at position 113 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with lysine was obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH was determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Amino Ratio of acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/ Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH α-FVH (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7- A113E 23 and 24 0.279 88 A113E pKK223-3-CFP-T7- A113K 119 and 120 0.279 88 A113K

As shown in Table 7, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of alanine at position 113 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glutamic acid or lysine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 8 Test for Point Mutation of Leucine at Position 114

Leucine at position 114 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 8 (SEQ ID NOs: 121 to 124), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of leucine at position 114 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-L114K L114K 25 and 26 0.095 30 0.036 39 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-L114R L114R 121 and 122 0.132 42 0.049 53 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-L114E L114E 123 and 124 0.332 105 Not measured

As shown in Table 8, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of leucine at position 114 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with lysine or arginine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity. In contrast, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of leucine at position 114 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glutamic acid was higher than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316).

Example 9 Test for Point Mutation of Histidine at Position 125

Histidine at position 125 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 9 (SEQ Ill NOs: 125 to 134 and 257 to 260), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of histidine at position 125 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-F/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Ratio of ε-FK/α- Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ FVH ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125E H125E 27 and 28 0.216 68 Not measured pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125N H125N 125 and 126 0.240 76 0.081 87 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125K H125K 127 and 128 0.090 28 0.033 35 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125A H125A 129 and 130 0.199 63 0.102 110 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125Q H125Q 131 and 132 0.169 53 0.044 47 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125R H125R 133 and 134 0.088 28 0.025 27 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125L H125L 257 and 260 0.121 38 0.038 41 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125F H125F 258 and 260 0.186 59 0.077 83 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H125Y H125Y 259 and 260 0.177 56 0.088 95

As shown in Table 9, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of histidine at position 125 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glutamic acid, asparagine, lysine, alanine, glutamine, arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of histidine at position 125 with asparagine, lysine, glutamine, arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 10 Test for Point Mutation of Serine at Position 154

Serine at position 154 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 10 (SEQ ID NOs: 135 to 150), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of serine at position 154 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ Ratio of ε-FK/ Ratio of Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH ε-FK/α-FVH (%) α-FV ε-FK/α-FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154E S154E 29 and 30 0.162 51 0.047 51 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154G S154G 135 and 136 0.186 59 0.054 58 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154Y S154Y 137 and 138 0.188 59 0.058 62 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154N S154N 139 and 140 0.146 46 0.050 54 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154Q S154Q 141 and 142 0.150 47 0.049 53 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154D S154D 143 and 144 0.212 67 0.066 71 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154H S154H 145 and 146 0.127 40 0.040 43 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154A S154A 147 and 148 0.318 101 0.098 105 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-S154C S154C 149 and 150 0.151 48 0.059 63

As shown in Table 10, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of serine at position 154 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, histidine, or cysteine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity. In contrast, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of serine at position 154 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine was substantially the same as the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and no reduction was observed in the ε-FK/α-FVH value.

Example 11 Test for Point Mutation of Valine at Position 259

Valine at position 259 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 11 (SEQ ID NOs: 151 to 154), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of valine at position 259 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ Ratio of ε-FK ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH ε-FK/α-FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-V259A V259A 33 and 34 0.080 25 0.029 31 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-V259C V259C 151 and 152 0.099 31 0.037 40 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-V259S V259S 153 and 154 0.094 30 0.033 35

As shown in Table 11, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of valine at position 259 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine, cysteine, or serine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 12 Test for Point Mutation of Tyrosine at Position 261

Tyrosine at position 261 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 12 (SEQ ID NOs: 155 to 162), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of tyrosine at position 261 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ Ratio of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH ε-FK/α-FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7- Y261A 35 and 36 0.145 46 Not Y261A measured pKK223-3-CFP-T7- Y261L 155 and 156 0.087 28 Not Y261L measured pKK223-3-CFP-T7- Y261F 157 and 158 0.039 12 0.032 34 Y261F pKK223-3-CFP-T7- Y261W 159 and 160 0.018 6 0.015 16 Y261W pKK223-3-CFP-T7- Y261K 161 and 162 0.020 6 Not Y261K measured

As shown in Table 12, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of tyrosine at position 261 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or lysine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of tyrosine at position 261 with phenylalanine or tryptophan was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 13 Test for Point Mutation of Glycine at Position 263

Glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 13 (SEQ ID NOs: 163, 164, and 261 to 266), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G263R G263R 37 and 38 0.123 39 0.055 59 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G263K G263K 163 and 164 0.107 34 0.046 49 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G263H G263H 261 and 262 0.121 38 0.056 60 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G263D G263D 263 and 264 0.195 62 0.080 86 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-G263E G263E 265 and 266 0.211 67 0.074 80

As shown in Table 13, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with arginine, lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 14 Test for Point Mutation of Alanine at Position 355

Alanine at position 355 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 having high potentials for improving substrate specificity was substituted with another amino acid in an attempt to search for a modified amadoriase having excellent substrate specificity. Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides shown in Table 14 (SEQ ID NOs: 165 to 168 and 267 to 270), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from substitution of alanine at position 355 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with any of various types of amino acids were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 14.

TABLE 14 Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ Ratio of ε-FK/ Ratio of Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH ε-FK/α-FVH (%) α-FV ε-FK/α-FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-A355K A355K 39 and 40 0.177 56 0.048 52 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-A355R A355R 165 and 166 0.121 38 0.062 67 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-A355H A355H 167 and 168 0.190 60 0.115 124 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-A355D A355D 267 and 268 0.201 64 0.122 131 pKK223-3-CFP-T7-A355E A355E 269 and 270 0.218 69 0.068 73

As shown in Table 14, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of alanine at position 355 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.316), and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of alanine at position 355 with lysine, arginine, or glutamic acid was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.093). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 15 Accumulation of Mutations Effective for Improving Substrate Specificity

Under the conditions as described in (2) above, PCR was carried out using DNAs of various recombinant plasmids shown in Table 15 as templates, synthetic oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, 17, 18, 39, 40, 51, 52, 55, 56, 87, 88, 115, 116, 131, 132, 135, 136, 139, and 140), and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.), E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from introduction of a multiple amino acid substitutions described in the “Amino acid mutation” column in Table 15 into the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ Ratio of ε-FK/ Ratio of Plasmid mutation Template plasmid oligonucleotide α-FVH ε-FK/α-FVH (%) α-FV ε-FK/α-FV (%) pKK223-3- None None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 CFP-T7 pKK223-3- K66G, pKK223-3- 55 and 56 0.069 22 0.027 29 CFP-T7-K66G V67P, CFP-T7- V67P/E98A E98A K66GV67P pKK223-3- K66G, pKK223-3- 7 and 8 0.085 27 0.034 37 CFP-T7-K66G V67P, CFP-T7- V67P/Q110R Q110R Q110R pKK223-3- E98A, 55 and 56 0.072 23 0.032 34 CFP-T7- Q110R E98A/Q110R pKK223-3- Q110R, 131 and 132 0.073 23 0.027 29 CFP-T7- H125Q Q110R/H125Q pKK223-3- Q110R, 135 and 136 0.090 28 0.029 31 CFP-T7- S154G Q110R/S154G pKK223-3- Q110R, 139 and 140 0.064 20 0.022 24 CFP-T7- S154N Q110R/S154N pKK223-3- Q110R, 39 and 40 0.094 30 0.042 45 CFP-T7- A355K Q110R/A355K pKK223-3- E98A, pKK223-3- 17 and 18 0.062 20 0.029 31 CFP-T7- G103R CFP-T7- E98A/G103R E98A pKK223-3- E98A, pKK223-3- 55 and 56 0.062 20 0.023 25 CFP-T7- S154N CFP-T7- E98A/S154N S154N pKK223-3- E98R, pKK223-3- 51 and 52 0.030 9 0.011 12 CFP-T7- S154N CFP-T7- E98R/S154N S154N pKK223-3- Q110R, pKK223-3- 115 and 116 0.083 26 0.032 34 CFP-T7- S154C CFP-T7- Q110R/S154C S154C pKK223-3- E98A, pKK223-3- 87 and 88 0.045 14 0.019 20 CFP-T7-E98A/ D106S, CFP-T7- D106S/S154N S154N E98A/S154N pKK223-3- E98A, pKK223-3- 55 and 56 0.063 20 0.021 23 CFP-T7-E98A/ Q110R, CFP-T7- Q110R/S154N S154N Q110R/S154N pKK223-3- Q110R, 131 and 132 0.044 14 0.019 20 CFP-T7-Q110R/ H125Q, H125Q/S154N S154N

The modified amadoriases resulting from introduction of multiple amino acid substitutions shown in Table 15 exhibited the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value lower than the values attained by introduction of a single amino acid substitution. This demonstrates that combination of introduction of single mutations effective for improving substrate specificity of the amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 can further improve substrate specificity.

Example 16 Accumulation of Mutations Effective for Improving Substrate Specificity

The plasmids L and S shown in Table 16 were double-digested with restriction enzymes KpnI and HindIII. By agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments of about 5.3 kbp and DNA fragments of about 0.8 kbp were separated from the plasmids L and S, respectively, and the DNA fragments were extracted and purified from gels using NucleoSpin Extract II (manufactured by Macherey-Nagel). Subsequently, the DNA fragments were ligated to each other using Ligation high Ver. 2 (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), the E. coli JM109 strains were transformed using the ligated plasmid DNA, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, E. coli JM109 strains producing modified amadoriases resulting from introduction of a multiple amino acid substitutions described in the “Amino acid mutation” column in Table 16 into the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 were obtained.

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases thus obtained were cultured by the method described in (3) above to prepare 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation Plasmid L used Plasmid S used α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T7 None None None 0.316 100 0.093 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T7- E98Q, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.020 6 0.009 10 E98Q/V259A V259A E98Q V259A pKK223-3-CFP-T7- E98Q, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.034 11 0.014 15 E98Q/V259C V259C V259C pKK223-3-CFP-T7- E98H, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.037 12 0.015 16 E98H/V259A V259A E98H V259A pKK223-3-CFP-T7- E98H, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.036 11 0.014 15 E98H/V259C V259C V259C pKK223-3-CFP-T7- E98R, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.022 7 0.008 9 E98R/V259C V259C E98R V259C pKK223-3-CFP-T7- E98A, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.044 14 0.018 19 E98A/V259C V259C E98A V259C pKK223-3-CFP-T7- E98A, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.064 20 0.030 32 E98A/G263R G263R G263R pKK223-3-CFP-T7- Q110R, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.035 11 0.014 15 Q110R/V259A V259A Q110R V259A pKK223-3-CFP-T7- S154D, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.054 17 0.023 25 S154D/V259A V259A S154D V259A pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98A/ E98A, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.016 5 0.006 6 S154N/V259C S154N, E98A/S154N V259C V259C pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110R/ Q110R, pKK223-3-CFP-T7- pKK223-3-CFP-T7- 0.017 5 0.007 8 S154N/V259A S154N, Q110R/S154N V259A V259A

The modified amadoriases resulting from introduction of multiple amino acid substitutions shown in Table 16 exhibited the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value lower than the values attained upon introduction of a single amino acid substitution. This demonstrates that combination of introduction of single mutations effective for improving substrate specificity of the amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 can further improve substrate specificity.

Example 17 Production and Purification of Modified Amadoriases

Wild-type amadoriases, the transformants producing modified amadoriases obtained in the manner described above, the E. coli JM109 strain (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110R), the E. coli JM109 strain (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Q110K), the E. coli JM109 strain (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Y261F), the E. coli JM109 strain (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-Y261W), the E. coli JM109 strain (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98A/V259C), and the E. coli JM109 strain (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-E98A/S154N/V259C) were inoculated into 40 ml of LB-amp media supplemented with 0.1 mM IPTG, and culture was conducted at 30° C. for 16 hours. The resulting cultured strains were washed with 20 mM HEPES-NaOH buffer (pH 7.0), the washed strains were suspended therein, the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare 8 ml of a crude enzyme solution.

The prepared crude enzyme solution was allowed to adsorb to 4 ml of Q Sepharose Fast Flow resin (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 20 mM HEPES-NaOH buffer (pH 7.0), the resin was washed with 80 ml of the same buffer, and proteins adsorbed to the resin were eluted with the aid of 20 mM HEPES-NaOH buffer (pH 7.0) containing 100 mM NaCl to collect fractions exhibiting amadoriase activity.

The obtained fragments exhibiting activity of amadoriases were concentrated using Amicon Ultra-15 (NMWL: 30 K, Millipore). Thereafter, the resultants were applied to HiLoad 26/60 Superdex 200 pg (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 20 mM HEPES-NaOH buffer (pH 7.0) containing 150 mM NaCl and were then eluted with the same buffer. The fractions exhibiting amadoriase activity were collected to obtain purified samples of wild-type and modified amadoriases. The obtained purified samples were analyzed via SDS-PAGE and found to have been purified to single bands.

With the use of the purified samples of wild-type and modified amadoriases, enzyme activity when α-FVH, ε-FK, and α-FV were used as substrates were measured. In this case, Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0 was used. The results are shown in Table 17 and in Table 18. Protein concentration employed for determining the specific activity were measured via the Bradford colorimetric method or via ultraviolet absorption spectrometry utilizing the absorbance at 280 nm. Specific activities determined based on protein concentrations measured by relevant quantification methods were indicated as U/mg and U/A₂₈₀, respectively.

TABLE 17 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid Specific activity Specific activity Specific activity ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- mutation (α-FVH) (U/mg) (ε-FK) (U/mg) (α-FV) (U/mg) α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) None 22.6 7.0 76.2 0.310 100 0.092 100 Q110R 20.3 2.7 48.1 0.133 43 0.056 61 Q110K 21.2 3.4 37.0 0.160 52 0.092 100

TABLE 18 Ratio of Ratio of Specific activity Specific activity Specific activity ε-FK/α- ε-FK/α- Amino acid (α-FVH) (ε-FK) (α-FV) ε-FK/ FVH ε-FK/ FV mutation (U/A₂₈₀) (U/A₂₈₀) (U/A₂₈₀) α-FVH (%) α-FV (%) None 12.6 3.90 42.5 0.310 100 0.092 100 Y261F 5.80 0.305 7.08 0.053 17 0.043 47 Y261W 2.85 0.0599 3.22 0.021 7 0.019 21 E98A, V259C 12.7 0.585 31.3 0.046 15 0.019 21 E98A, S154N, V259C 11.4 0.197 26.4 0.017 5 0.007 8

As shown in Table 17, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with arginine or lysine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.310), and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamine at position 110 with arginine was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.092). As shown in Table 18, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of tyrosine at position 261 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with phenylalanine or tryptophan, the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine, and valine at position 259 with cysteine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine, serine at position 154 with asparagine, and valine at position 259 with cysteine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 were lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.310), and the ε-FK/α-FV value thereof was lower than the value before modification (i.e., 0.092). Such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

In addition, the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value determined by measuring enzyme activity using purified samples of wild-type amadoriase and various types of modified amadoriases were not significantly deviated from the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value determined by measuring enzyme activity using crude enzyme solutions of wild-type amadoriase and various types of modified amadoriases. If improvement is observed in substrate specificity when enzyme activity is measured using a crude enzyme solution of modified amadoriases, accordingly, improvement in substrate specificity would also be observed when enzyme activity is measured using a purified sample of a modified amadoriase.

Example 18 Quantification of α-FVH Using Modified Amadoriase

When α-FVH released from the β-chain amino terminus in HbAlc by a protease or the like is quantified using modified amadoriases, the influence imposed on the measured values by coexisting ε-FK was evaluated.

C: Preparation of Reagent (4) Reagent 4: Peroxidase-4-Amino Antipyrine Solution

Peroxidase (7.5 kU, manufactured by Kikkoman Corporation) and 150 mg of 4-amino antipyrine (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) are dissolved in a 0.15 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), and the volume of the solution is fixed at 1,000 ml.

(5) Reagent 5: TOOS Solution

TOOS (500 mg, manufactured by Dojindo Laboratories) is dissolved in ion-exchange water, and the volume of the solution is fixed at 100 ml.

(6) Reagent 6: Amadoriase Solution

The purified amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamic acid at position 98, serine at position 154, and valine at position 259 in the amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine, asparagine, and cysteine, respectively, (SEQ ID NO: 271) were dissolved in 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) to adjust the amadoriase concentration at 1.0 U/ml and 2.3 U/ml, respectively, in the solutions.

(7) Reagent 7: α-FVH Solution

α-FVH (625 mg) was dissolved in ion-exchange water, and the volume of the solution is fixed at 10 ml to prepare a 150 mM α-FVH solution. Subsequently, the 150 mM α-FVH solution was diluted with ion-exchange water to prepare 90 μM, 180 μM, 270 μM, 360 μM, and 450 μM α-FVH solutions.

(8) Reagent 8: Model Blood Sample

A 150 mM ε-FK solution prepared by dissolving 462 mg of ε-FK in ion-exchange water and fixing the volume of the solution at 10 ml and the α-FVH solution prepared in (7) above were diluted with ion-exchange water. Thus, four types of model blood samples described below were prepared.

Reagent 8-1: 215 μM α-FVH Reagent 8-2: 215 μM α-FVH and 215 μM ε-FK Reagent 8-3: 215 μM α-FVH and 1,075 μM ε-FK Reagent 8-4: 215 μM α-FVH and 2,150 μM ε-FK

In the case of a blood sample with a hemoglobin level of 15 g/dl and an HbAlc level of 6.1% (JDS value; 6.5% in terms of NGSP; 46.5 mmol/mol in terms of IFCC), the concentration of α-FVH released from the β-chain amino terminus in HbAlc is 215 μM if the molecular weight of hemoglobin is 65 kDa.

(Confirmation of Capacity for α-FVH Quantification Using Modified Amadoriase)

Reagent 4 (1.8 ml), 100 μl of Reagent 5, and 100 μl of Reagent 6 were mixed, and the resulting mixture was preliminarily heated at 37° C. for 5 minutes. Subsequently, 1,000 μl of Reagent 7 that had been preliminarily heated at 37° C. for 5 minutes was added, the resultant was thoroughly mixed, and the absorbance at 555 nm was then measured using a spectrophotometer (U-3010A, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies). The change in absorbance per minute (ΔA555) was determined. A control solution was prepared in the manner as described above, except that 1,000 μl of ion-exchange water was added as a substitute for 1,000 μl of Reagent 7. The results are shown in FIG. 2. As is apparent from FIG. 2, there was a correlation between the α-FVH level and the change in absorbance (ΔA555). Accordingly, the amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the modified amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 271 were found to be applicable to quantification of α-FVH in a range from 90 μM to 450 μM.

(Quantification of Model Blood Sample Using Modified Amadoriase)

Reagent 4 (1.8 ml), 100 μl of Reagent 5, and 100 μl of Reagent 6 were mixed, and the resulting mixture was preliminarily heated at 37° C. for 5 minutes. Subsequently, 1,000 μl of any of Reagents 8-1 to 8-4 that had been preliminarily heated at 37° C. for 5 minutes was added, the resultant was thoroughly mixed, the absorbance at 555 nm was then measured using a spectrophotometer (U-3010A, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies), and the change in absorbance per minute (ΔA555) was determined. A control solution was prepared in the manner as described above, except that 1,000 μl of ion-exchange water was added as a substitute for 1,000 μl of any of Reagent 8-1 to Reagent 8-4. The results are shown in Table 19. As is apparent from Table 19, when measurement was carried out using the amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, the observed value was deviated from the true value by a little less than 3% in the presence of α-FVH and ε-FK at the same concentration. The observed value was deviated from the actual value by 8% and 17%, respectively, in the presence of ε-FK at concentration 5 times and 10 times greater than α-FVH, respectively. In contrast, when the modified amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 271 was used, the observed value was deviated from the true value by up to 1% even in the presence of ε-FK at concentration equal to or 5 times greater than α-FVH. Further, the observed value was deviated from the true value by up to 2% in the presence of ε-FK at concentration 10 times greater than α-FVH. With the use of the modified amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 271, accordingly, α-FVH can be accurately and selectively quantified in a sample containing both α-FVH and ε-FK.

TABLE 19 Amadoriase of SEQ ID NO: 1 Amadoriase of SEQ ID NO: 271 ΔA555 Ratio of ΔA555 Ratio of Model blood First Second ΔA555 First Second ΔA555 sample measurement measurement Average (%) measurement measurement Average (%) 8-1 0.111 0.111 0.111 100.0 0.124 0.124 0.124 100.0 8-2 0.115 0.113 0.114 102.7 0.123 0.122 0.123 99.2 8-3 0.120 0.120 0.120 108.1 0.125 0.125 0.125 100.8 8-4 0.129 0.131 0.130 117.1 0.127 0.125 0.126 101.6

Example 19 Cloning of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Gene Derived from Aspergillus nidulans and Expression Thereof in E. Coli

(a) Extraction of Total RNA from Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A26 Strain

Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A26 strains were cultured in liquid media (0.4% yeast extract, 1.0% malt extract, 0.1% tryptone, 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.05% magnesium sulfate, and 2.0% glucose, pH 6.5) at 30° C. for 24 hours. Thereafter, the recovered strains were disintegrated with liquid nitrogen, and total RNA was prepared using Isogen (manufactured by Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.) in accordance with the instructions. Also, total RNA prepared was treated with DNaseI (manufactured by Invitrogen) to prevent contamination of DNA.

(b) Cloning of cDNA of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Derived from Aspergillus nidulans

Total RNA obtained (1 μg) was subjected to RT-PCR using the PrimeScript RT-PCR kit (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) in accordance with the attached protocols. In this case, reverse transcription was carried out using the oligo dT primers included in the kit, and subsequent PCR was carried out using the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 169 and 170. As a result, a cDNA fragment of about 1,300 bp was specifically amplified. Subsequently, the amplified cDNA fragment was subjected to sequence analysis, and this fragment was consequently found to be a nucleotide sequence of 1,317 bp as shown in SEQ ID NO: 171. Also, the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 172) deduced based on SEQ ID NO: 171 was consistent with the sequence of the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans as shown in FIG. 1.

(c) Expression of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Derived from Aspergillus nidulans in E. Coli

In order to express fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans in E. coli, subsequently, the following procedures were performed. Since the cDNA fragment cloned above comprised at the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus the NdeI site and the BamHI site derived from the synthetic nucleotides shown in SEQ ID NOs: 169 and 170, the cloned cDNA fragment was treated with two types of restriction enzymes NdeI and BamHI (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) and inserted into the NdeI-BamHI site of the pET-22b(+) vector (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.). Thus, the recombinant plasmid pET22b-AnFX′ was obtained.

In order to impart fructosyl peptide oxidase activity to the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-AnFX′ as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 173 and 174, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Aspergillus nidulans through substitution of serine at position 59 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 172 with glycine was obtained (pET22b-AnFX). The recombinant plasmid pET22b-AnFX was transformed into the E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain (manufactured by Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.) to obtain the E. coli strain producing fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans.

The E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains producing fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans obtained above were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with a reagent for the Overnight Express Autoinduction System 1 (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.) at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were suspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV by the method described in the “B: Method of activity measurement” above, and the enzyme activity was found to be 2.2 U/ml. In this case, activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 7.5.

Example 20 Introduction of Point Mutation into Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Gene Derived from Aspergillus nidulans

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-AnFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 175 and 176, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Aspergillus nidulans through substitution of cysteine at position 153 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 172 with aspartic acid was obtained (pET22b-AnFX-C153D).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-AnFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 177 and 178 and those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 179 and 180, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Aspergillus nidulans through substitution of valine at position 259 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 172 with alanine and cysteine, respectively, were obtained (pET22b-AnFX-V259A and pET22b-AnFX-V259C).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-AnFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 181 and 182 and those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 183 and 184, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Aspergillus nidulans through substitution of glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 172 with lysine and arginine, respectively, were obtained (pET22b-AnFX-G263K and pET22b-AnFX-G263R).

Example 21 Evaluation of Effects of Improving Substrate Specificity of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Derived from Aspergillus nidulans into which Point Mutation has been Introduced

The E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains carrying the recombinant plasmids obtained above (i.e., pET22b-AnFX, pET22b-AnFX-C153D, pET22b-AnFX-V259A, pET22b-AnFX-V259C, pET22b-AnFX-G263K, and pET22b-AnFX-G263R, respectively) were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with a reagent for the Overnight Express Autoinduction System 1 (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.) at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were suspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV, α-FVH, and ε-FK by the method described in the “B: Method of activity measurement” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 7.5. The results are shown in Table 20.

TABLE 20 Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α-FVH ε-FK/ Ratio of Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH (%) α-FV ε-FK/α-FV (%) pET22b-AnFX None None 0.124 100 0.0255 100 pET22b-AnFX-C153D C153D 175 and 176 0.0882 71 0.0142 56 pET22b-AnFX-V259A V259A 177 and 178 0.0208 17 0.0051 20 pET226-AnFX-V259C V259C 179 and 180 0.0444 36 0.0092 36 pET22b-AnFX-G263K G263K 181 and 182 0.0714 57 0.0175 69 pET22b-AnFX-G263R G263R 183 and 184 0.0684 55 0.0153 60

Through substitution of cysteine at position 153 with aspartic acid, valine at position 259 with alanine or cysteine, and glycine at position 263 with lysine or arginine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 172, the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Aspergillus nidulans became lower than those before substitution, as shown in Table 20. Thus, such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 22 Cloning of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Gene Derived from Penicillium chrysogenum and Expression Thereof in E. Coli

(a) Extraction of Total RNA from Penicillium chrysogenum NBRC9251 Strain

Penicillium chrysogenum NBRC9251 strains were cultured in liquid media (0.4% yeast extract, 1.0% malt extract, 0.1% tryptone, 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.05% magnesium sulfate, and 2.0% glucose, pH 6.5) at 30° C. for 24 hours. Total RNA was thus prepared in the manner as described above.

(b) Cloning of cDNA of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Derived from Penicillium chrysogenum

Total RNA obtained (1 μg) was subjected to RT-PCR in the manner as described above. In this case, reverse transcription was carried out using the oligo dT primers included in the kit, and subsequent PCR was carried out using the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 185 and 186. As a result, a cDNA fragment of about 1,300 bp was specifically amplified. Subsequently, the amplified cDNA fragment was subjected to sequence analysis, and this fragment was consequently found to be a nucleotide sequence of 1,317 bp as shown in SEQ ID NO: 187. Also, the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 188) deduced based on SEQ ID NO: 187 was consistent with a sequence resulting from substitution of leucine at position 69 with tryptophane and threonine at position 142 with alanine in the sequence of Penicillium janthinellum shown in FIG. 1.

(c) Expression of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Derived from Penicillium chrysogenum in E. coli

In order to express fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium chrysogenum in E. coli, subsequently, the following procedures were performed. Since the cDNA fragment cloned above comprised at the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus the NdeI site and the BamHI site derived from the synthetic nucleotides shown in SEQ ID NOs: 185 and 186, the cloned cDNA fragment was treated with two types of restriction enzymes NdeI and BamHI (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) and inserted into the NdeI-BamHI site of the pET-22b(+) vector (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.). Thus, the recombinant plasmid pET22b-PcFX′ was obtained.

In order to impart fructosyl peptide oxidase activity to the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium chrysogenum, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-PcFX′ as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 189 and 190, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Penicillium chrysogenum through substitution of serine at position 60 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 188 with glycine was obtained (pET22b-PcFX). The resulting recombinant plasmid pET22b-PcFX was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3), so as to obtain E. coli strains producing Penicillium chrysogenum-derived fructosyl amino acid oxidase.

The E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains producing fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium chrysogenum obtained above were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with a reagent for the Overnight Express Autoinduction System 1 (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.) at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were subjected to bacteriolysis using a BugBuster Protein Extraction Reagent (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.), and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV by the method described in the “B: Method of activity measurement” above, and the enzyme activity was found to be 0.090 U/ml. In this case, activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 7.5.

Example 23 Introduction of Point Mutation into Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Gene Derived from Penicillium chrysogenum

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-PcFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 191 and 192, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Penicillium chrysogenum through substitution of lysine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 188 with arginine was obtained (pET22b-PcFX-K110R).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-PcFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 193 and 194, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Penicillium chrysogenum through substitution of cysteine at position 154 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 188 with aspartic acid was obtained (pET22b-PcFX-C154D).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-PcFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 195 and 196, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Penicillium chrysogenum through substitution of glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 188 with lysine was obtained (pET22b-PcFX-G263K).

Example 24 Evaluation of Properties of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Derived from Penicillium chrysogenum into Which Point Mutation has been Introduced

The E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains carrying the recombinant plasmids obtained above (i.e., pET22b-PcFX, pET22b-PcFX-K110R, pET22b-PcFX-C154D, and pET22b-PcFX-G263K, respectively) were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with a reagent for the Overnight Express Autoinduction System 1 (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.) at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were subjected to bacteriolysis using a BugBuster Protein Extraction Reagent (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.), and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV, α-FVH, and ε-FK by the method described in the “B: Method of activity measurement” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 7.5. The results are shown in Table 21.

TABLE 21 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pET22b-PcFX None None 0.0833 100 0.0085 100  pET22b-PcFX-K110R K110R 191 and 192 0.0353 42 0.0051 59 pET22b-PcFX-C154D CI54D 193 and 194 0.0645 77 0.0079 93 pET22b-PcFX-G263K G263K 195 and 196 0.0711 85 — —

Through substitution of lysine at position 110 with arginine and cysteine at position 154 with aspartic acid in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 188, the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium chrysogenum became lower than those before substitution, as shown in Table 21. Through substitution of glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 188 with lysine, further, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Penicillium chrysogenum became lower than that before substitution. Thus, such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 25 Expression of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Derived from Cryptococcus neoformans in E. coli

Regarding fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcus neoformans B-3501A: GENE ID: 4934641 CNBB5450 hypothetical protein) obtained by searching for the genome database (http://www.genome.jp/tools/blast/) on the basis of the amino acid sequence of known fructosyl amino acid oxidase, an attempt was made so as to express a sequence comprising 443 amino acid residues as shown in SEQ ID NO: 197 from which 34 C-terminal amino acid residues have been removed in E. coli. The gene comprising a 1,332-bp sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 198 (including a termination codon “TGA”) encoding the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 197 and having codons optimized for expression in E. coli was obtained by a conventional technique comprising total synthesis of cDNA via PCR of a gene fragment. In this case, the NdeI site and the BamHI site were added to the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus of the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The amino acid sequence deduced based on the cloned gene sequence was found to be consistent with a sequence of the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans shown in FIG. 1 from which 34 C-terminal amino acid residues have been removed.

In order to express the gene comprising a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 198 in E. coli, subsequently, the following procedures were performed. Since the gene subjected to total synthesis above was treated with two types of restriction enzymes NdeI and BamHI (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) and inserted into the NdeI-BamHI site of the pET-22b(+) vector (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.), the recombinant plasmid pET22b-CnFX was obtained, and the resultant was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). Subsequently, the E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains carrying the recombinant plasmid pET22b-CnFX were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with a reagent for the Overnight Express Autoinduction System 1 (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.) at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were suspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and the enzyme activity was found to be 2.2 U/ml, respectively. In this case, activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 7.5.

Example 26 Introduction of Point Mutation into Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Gene Derived from Cryptococcus neoformans

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-CnFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 199 and 200, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Cryptococcus neoformans through substitution of threonine at position 100 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 197 with arginine was obtained (pET22b-CnFX-T100R).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-CnFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 201 and 202, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Cryptococcus neoformans through substitution of serine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 197 with arginine was obtained (pET22b-CnFX-S110R).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-CnFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 203 and 204, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Cryptococcus neoformans through substitution of serine at position 154 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 197 with asparagine was obtained (pET22b-CnFX-S154N).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-CnFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 205 and 206 and those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 207 and 208, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Cryptococcus neoformans through substitution of valine at position 259 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 197 with alanine and cysteine, respectively, were obtained (pET22b-CnFX-V259A and pET22b-CnFX-V259C).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-CnFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 209 and 210 and those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 211 and 212, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the fructosyl amino acid oxidase gene derived from Cryptococcus neoformans through substitution of serine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 197 with lysine and arginine, respectively, were obtained (pET22b-CnFX-S263K and pET22b-CnFX-S263R).

Example 27 Evaluation of Properties of Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidase Derived from Cryptococcus neoformans into Which Point Mutation has been Introduced

The E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains carrying the recombinant plasmids obtained above (i.e., pET22b-CnFX-T100R, pET22b-CnFX-S110R, pET22b-CnFX-S154N, pET22b-CnFX-V259A, pET22b-CnFX-V259C, pET22b-CnFX-S263K, and pET22b-CnFX-S263R, respectively) were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with a reagent for the Overnight Express Autoinduction System 1 (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.) at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were suspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV, α-FVH and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 7.5. The results are shown in Table 22.

TABLE 22 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pET22b-CnFX None None 0.0647 100 0.0197 100 pET22b-CnFX-T100R T100R 199 and 200 0.0584 90 0.0168 85 pET22b-CnFX-S110R S110R 201 and 202 0.0468 72 0.0136 69 pET22b-CnFX-S154N S154N 203 and 204 0.0552 85 0.0180 91 pET22b-CnFX-V259A V259A 205 and 206 0.0353 55 0.0116 59 pET22b-CnFX-V259C V259C 207 and 208 0.0284 44 0.0085 43 pET22b-CnFX-S263K S263K 209 and 210 0.0583 90 0.0171 87 pET22b-CnFX-S263R S263R 211 and 212 0.0543 84 0.0156 79

Through substitution of threonine at position 100 with arginine, serine at position 110 with arginine, serine at position 154 with asparagine, valine at position 259 with alanine or cysteine, and serine at position 263 with lysine or arginine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 197, the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Cryptococcus neoformans became lower than those before substitution, as shown in Table 22. Thus, such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 28 Expression of Ketoamine Oxidase Derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta in E. coli

An attempt was made so as to express ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta in E. coli. The amino acid sequence of ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta, which has already been revealed, is shown in SEQ ID NO: 213 (see Patent Document 1). The gene comprising a 1,326-bp sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 214 (including a termination codon “TGA”) encoding a sequence comprising 441 amino acid residues as shown in SEQ ID NO: 213 and having codons optimized for expression in E. coli was obtained by a conventional technique comprising total synthesis of cDNA via PCR of a gene fragment. In this case, the NdeI site and the BamHI site were added to the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus of the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. A full-length amino acid sequence deduced based on the cloned gene sequence was found to be consistent with a sequence of the ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta shown in FIG. 1.

In order to express the gene comprising a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 214 in E. coli, subsequently, the following procedures were performed. Since the gene subjected to total synthesis above was treated with two types of restriction enzymes NdeI and BamHI (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) and inserted into the NdeI-BamHI site of the pET-22b(+) vector (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.), the recombinant plasmid pET22b-NvFX was obtained, and the resultant was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). Subsequently, the E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains carrying the recombinant plasmid pET22b-NvFX were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with a reagent for the Overnight Express Autoinduction System 1 (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.) at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were suspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and the enzyme activity was found to be 19.3 U/ml. In this case, activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 7.5.

Example 29 Introduction of Point Mutation into Ketoamine Oxidase Gene Derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-NvFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 215 and 216, those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 217 and 218, those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 219 and 220, and those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 221 and 222, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding fructosyl amino acid oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the ketoamine oxidase gene derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta through substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 213 with glutamine, histidine, lysine, and arginine, respectively, were obtained (pET22b-NvFX-E98Q, pET22b-NvFX-E98H, pET22b-NvFX-E98K, and pET22b-NvFX-E98R).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-NvFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 223 and 224, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding ketoamine oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the ketoamine oxidase gene derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta through substitution of glycine at position 103 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 213 with arginine was obtained (pET22b-NvFX-G103R).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-NvFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 225 and 226, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding ketoamine oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the ketoamine oxidase gene derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta through substitution of glutamic acid at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 213 with arginine was obtained (pET22b-NvFX-E110R).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-NvFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 227 and 228 and those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 229 and 230, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding ketoamine oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the ketoamine oxidase gene derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta through substitution of serine at position 154 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 213 with asparagine and aspartic acid, respectively, were obtained (pET22b-NvFX-S154N and pET22b-NvFX-S154D).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-NvFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 231 and 232 and those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 233 and 234, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding ketoamine oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the ketoamine oxidase gene derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta through substitution of valine at position 259 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 213 with alanine and cysteine, respectively, were obtained (pET22b-NvFX-V259A and pET22b-NvFX-V259C).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-NvFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 235 and 236 and those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 237 and 238, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding ketoamine oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the ketoamine oxidase gene derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta through substitution of glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 213 with lysine and arginine, respectively, were obtained (pET22b-NvFX-G263K and pET22b-NvFX-G263R).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pET22b-NvFX as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 239 and 240, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding ketoamine oxidases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the ketoamine oxidase gene derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta through substitution of lysine at position 66 and valine at position 67 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 213 with glycine and proline, respectively, were obtained (pET22b-NvFX-K66GV67P).

Example 30 Evaluation of Properties of Ketoamine Oxidase Derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta into Which Point Mutation has been Introduced

The E. coli BL21 (DE3) strains carrying the recombinant plasmids obtained above (i.e., pET22b-NvFX-E98Q, pET22b-NvFX-E98H, pET22b-NvFX-E98K, pET22b-NvFX-E98R, pET22b-NvFX-E110R, pET22b-NvFX-S154N, pET22b-NvFX-S154D, pET22b-NvFX-V259A, pET22b-NvFX-V259C, pET22b-NvFX-G263K, pET22b-NvFX-G263R, and pET22b-NvFX-K66GV67P, respectively) were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with a reagent for the Overnight Express Autoinduction System 1 (manufactured by Novagen, Inc.) at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were suspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV, α-FVH, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. In this case, activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 7.5. The results are shown in Table 23.

TABLE 23 Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ Ratio of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α-FV Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide α-FVH ε-FK/α-FVH (%) α-FV (%) pET22b-NvFX None None 2.32 100 0.707 100 pET22b-NvFX-E98Q E98Q 215 and 216 1.45 63 0.585 83 pET22b-NvFX-E98H E98H 217 and 218 1.41 61 0.601 85 pET22b-NvFX-E98K E98K 219 and 220 0.691 30 0.239 34 pET22b-NvFX-E98R E98R 221 and 222 0.840 36 0.237 33 pET22b-NvFX-G103R G103R 223 and 224 1.65 71 0.579 82 pET22b-NvFX-E110R E110R 225 and 226 0.474 20 0.178 25 pET22b-NvFX-S154N S154N 227 and 228 1.32 57 0.359 51 pET22b-NvFX-S154D S154D 229 and 230 1.67 72 0.494 70 pET22b-NvFX-V259A V259A 231 and 232 1.33 57 0.431 61 pET22b-NvFX-V259C V259C 233 and 234 1.27 55 0.474 67 pET22b-NvFX-G263K G263K 235 and 236 0.974 42 0.324 46 pET22b-NvFX-G263R G263R 237 and 238 0.972 42 0.315 45 pET22b-NvFX-K66GV67P K66G, V67P 239 and 240 2.10 90 — —

Through substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with glutamine, histidine, lysine, or arginine, glycine at position 103 with arginine, glutamic acid at position 110 with arginine, serine at position 154 with asparagine or aspartic acid, valine at position 259 with alanine or cysteine, and glycine at position 263 with lysine or arginine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 213, the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta became lower than those before substitution, as shown in Table 23. Through substitution of lysine at position 66 with glycine and valine at position 67 with proline, also, the ε-FK/α-FVH value of ketoamine oxidase derived from Neocosmospora vasinfecta became lower than that before substitution. Thus, such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 31 Introduction of Point Mutation into Amadoriase Gene Derived from Eupenicillium terrenum

SEQ ID NO: 241 shows an amino acid sequence of an amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum into which mutations aimed at improvement of the thermostability (G184D, N272D, and H388Y) had been introduced. The recombinant plasmid pUTE100K′-EFP-T5 into which the gene encoding the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 (SEQ ID NOs: 242) had been inserted was expressed in E. coli, and, consequently, activity of an amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum was confirmed (see WO 2007/125779).

For the purpose of introduction of mutations aimed at improvement of the substrate specificity into the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pUTE100K′-EFP-T5 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 243 and 244, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli DH5a strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the amadoriase gene derived from Eupenicillium terrenum through substitution of serine at position 98 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 with alanine was obtained (pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-S98A).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pUTE100K′-EFP-T5 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 245 and 246, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli DH5a strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the amadoriase gene derived from Eupenicillium terrenum through substitution of lysine at position 110 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 with arginine was obtained (pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-K110R).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pUTE100K′-EFP-T5 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 249 and 250 and those as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 251 and 252, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli DH5a strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmids encoding the amadoriase gene derived from Eupenicillium terrenum through substitution of valine at position 259 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 with alanine and cysteine, respectively, were obtained (pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-V259A and pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-V259C).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pUTE100K′-EFP-T5 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 253 and 254, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli DH5α strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the amadoriase gene derived from Eupenicillium terrenum through substitution of glycine at position 263 in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 with lysine was obtained (pUTE 100K′-EFP-T5-G263K).

Example 32 Evaluation of Effects of Improving Substrate Specificity of Amadoriase Derived from Eupenicillium terrenum into which Point Mutation has been Introduced

The E. coli DH5α strains carrying the recombinant plasmids obtained above (i.e., pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-S98A, pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-K110R, pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-V259A, pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-V259C, and pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-G263K, respectively) were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with 0.1 M IPTG at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were suspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV, α-FVH, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. Activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 8.0. The results are shown in Table 24.

TABLE 24 Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ Ratio of ε-FK/ Ratio of Plasmid mutation oligonucleotide ε-FVH Δ-FK/α-FVH (%) α-FV ε-FK/α-FV (%) pUTE100K′-EFP-T5 None None 0.107 100 0.0206 100 pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-S98A S98A 243 and 244 0.0825 77 0.0151 73 pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-K110R K110R 245 and 246 0.0893 83 0.0204 99 pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-V259A V259A 249 and 250 0.0769 72 0.0172 84 pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-V259C V259C 251 and 252 0.0333 31 0.0068 33 pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-G263K G263K 253 and 254 0.0909 85 0.0139 68

Through substitution of serine at position 98 with alanine, lysine at position 110 with arginine, valine at position 259 with alanine or cysteine, and glycine at position 263 with lysine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241, the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum became lower than those before substitution, as shown in Table 24. Thus, such amino acid substitution was found to be effective for production of an amadoriase having improved substrate specificity.

Example 33 Production of a Plurality of Mutant of Amadoriase Gene Derived from Eupenicillium terrenum Aimed at Improvement of Substrate Specificity

A plurality of mutants of the amadoriase gene derived from Eupenicillium terrenum aimed at improvement of substrate specificity were produced in an attempt to develop amadoriases having significantly lowered activity to ε-FK.

PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-V259C as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 243 and 244, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli DH5a strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the amadoriase gene derived from Eupenicillium terrenum through substitution of serine at position 98 with alanine and valine at position 259 with cysteine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 was obtained (pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-S98A/V259C).

For the purpose of introduction of point mutation aimed at improvement of substrate specificity, PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-K110R as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 247 and 248, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli DH5a strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the amadoriase gene derived from Eupenicillium terrenum through substitution of lysine at position 110 with arginine and cysteine at position 154 with asparagine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 was obtained (pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-K110R/C154N).

PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-V259C as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 245 and 246, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli DH5a strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the amadoriase gene derived from Eupenicillium terrenum through substitution of lysine at position 110 with arginine and valine at position 259 with cysteine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 was obtained (pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-K110RN259C).

PCR was carried out using the recombinant plasmid pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-S98A-V259C as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 245 and 246, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described above, E. coli DH5α strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the amadoriase gene derived from Eupenicillium terrenum through substitution of serine at position 98 with alanine, lysine at position 110 with arginine, and valine at position 259 with cysteine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 was obtained (pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-S98A/K110RN259C).

Example 34 Evaluation of Effects of Improving Substrate Specificity Attained by Introduction of Multiple Mutations Aimed at Improvement of Substrate Specificity into the Amadoriase Gene Derived from Eupenicillium terrenum

The E. coli DH5a strains carrying the recombinant plasmids obtained above (i.e., pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-S98A/V259C, pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-K110R/C154N, pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-K110R/V259C, and pUTE100K′-EFP-T5-S98A/K110R/V259C, respectively) were shake-cultured in LB-amp media supplemented with 0.1M IPTG at 30° C. for 18 hours. The resulting cultured strains were suspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare a crude enzyme solution. The crude enzyme solution was subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FV, α-FVH, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. Activity was measured using Reagent 1 with a pH adjusted to 8.0. The results are shown in Table 25.

TABLE 25 Ratio of Ratio of Amino acid SEQ ID NO: of ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- ε-FK/ ε-FK/α- Plasmid mutation Template plasmid oligonucleotide α-FVH FVH (%) α-FV FV (%) pUTE100K′- None None None 0.107 100 0.0206 100 EFP-T5 pUTE100K′- S98A pUTE100K′- 243 and 244 0.0825 77 0.0151 73 EFP-T5-S98A EFP-T5 pUTE100K′- K110R pUTE100K′- 245 and 246 0.0893 83 0.0204 99 EFP-T5-K110R EFP-T5 pUTE100K′- V259C pUTE100K′- 251 and 252 0.0333 31 0.0068 33 EFP-T5-V259C EFP-T5 pUTE100K′- S98A, pUTE100K′- 243 and 244 0.0248 23 0.0058 28 EFP-T5- V259C EFP-T5-V259C S98A/V259C pUTE100K′- K110R, pUTE100K′- 247 and 248 0.0779 73 0.0115 56 EFP-T5- C154N EFP-T5-K110R K110R/C154N pUTE100K′- K110R, pUTE100K′- 245 and 246 0.0267 25 0.0060 29 EFP-T5- V259C EFP-T5-V259C K110R/V259C pUTE100K′- S98A, pUTE100K′- 245 and 246 0.0178 17 0.0047 23 EFP-T5-S98A/ K110R, EFP-T5-S98A/V259C K110R/V259C V259C

As shown in Table 25, the ε-FK/α-FVH value and the ε-FK/α-FV value of the amadoriase derived from Eupenicillium terrenum into which multiple amino acid substitutions had been introduced were further lowered compared with the values attained by introduction of single amino acid substitution. This demonstrates that reactivity to ε-FK is significantly lowered.

Example 35 Preparation of DNA of Recombinant Plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T9

SEQ ID NO: 272 shows an amino acid sequence of an amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta into which mutations aimed at improvement of the thermostability (G184D, F265L, N272D, H302R, and H388Y) had been introduced, and it is encoded by the gene as shown in SEQ ID NO: 273.

The E. coli JM109 strains (pKK223-3-CFP-T9) comprising the recombinant plasmid of the amadoriase gene derived from the genus Coniochaeta (SEQ ID NO: 273) (see WO 2007/125779) were cultured in the same manner as described in Example 1, and the culture product was centrifuged at 10,000×g for 1 minute to collect strains. The recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T9 was extracted and purified from the strains using the GenElute Plasmid Mini-Prep Kit (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Corporation), and 2.5 μg of DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T9 was obtained.

(Site-Directed Modification of DNA of Recombinant Plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T9)

In order to substitute glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine, serine at position 154 with asparagine, and valine at position 259 with cysteine in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 272, PCR was carried out using DNA of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T9 as a template, the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 55 and 56, and KOD-Plus-(Toyobo Co., Ltd.) under the conditions as described in Example 1 above, E. coli JM109 strains were transformed, and the nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in plasmid DNAs of the grown colonies were determined. As a result, the recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase through substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T9-E98A).

With the use of DNA of pKK223-3-CFP-T9-E98A as a template and the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 139 and 140, the recombinant plasmid encoding a modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine and serine at position 154 with asparagine was obtained in the same manner as described above (pKK223-3-CFP-T9-E98A1S154N).

With the use of DNA of pKK223-3-CFP-T9-E98A/S154N as a template and the synthetic oligonucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 151 and 152, the recombinant plasmid encoding a modified amadoriase resulting from substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine, serine at position 154 with asparagine, and valine at position 259 with cysteine was obtained in the same manner as described above (pKK223-3-CFP-T9-E98A/S154N/V259C).

The E. coli JM109 strains capable of producing modified amadoriases obtained in the manner described above were cultured by the method described in Example 1 (3), and 0.6 ml each of crude enzyme solutions of various types of modified amadoriases were prepared.

The enzyme solutions thus obtained were subjected to measurement of enzyme activity to α-FVH, α-FV, and ε-FK by the method described in “B. Method of measuring activity” above, and ε-FK/α-FVH and ε-FK/α-FV were determined. Activity was measured using Reagent 1 (i.e., a peroxidase-4-amino antipyrine solution) with a pH adjusted to 7.0. The results are shown in Table 26.

TABLE 26 Ratio of Ratio of Amino ε-FK/ ε-FK/ acid ε-FK/ α-FVH ε-FK/ α-FV Plasmid mutation α-FVH (%) α-FV (%) pKK223-3-CFP-T9 None 0.0271 100 0.081 100 pKK223-3-CFP-T9- E98A, S154N, 0.017 6 0.007 8 E98A/S154N/ V259C V259C

The ε-FK/α-FVH value and the α-FK/α-FV value of the modified amadoriases shown in Table 26 into which multiple amino acid substitutions had been introduced were lowered at significant levels compared with those before mutation. This demonstrates that accumulation of single mutations effective for improving substrate specificity of the amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 in the amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 272 can remarkably improve the substrate specificity. 

1. An amadoriase having the following properties (a) and/or (b): (a) an amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by deletion, insertion, addition, and/or substitution of one or several amino acids and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine compared with an amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; and (b) an amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by deletion, insertion, addition, and/or substitution of one or several amino acids and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:
 1. 2. An amadoriase having one or more amino acid substitutions at positions corresponding to amino acids selected from the group consisting of the following (c) to (s) in the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine and/or the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase prior to such substitution: (c) glutamic acid at position 98; (d) valine at position 259; (e) serine at position 154; (f) histidine at position 125; (g) tyrosine at position 261; (h) glycine at position 263; (i) aspartic acid at position 106; (j) glycine at position 103; (k) alanine at position 355; (l) aspartic acid at position 96; (m) lysine at position 66 and/or valine at position 67; (n) glutamine at position 70; (o) threonine at position 100; (p) glutamine at position 110; (q) alanine at position 113; (r) leucine at position 114; and (s) aspartic acid at position
 156. 3. An amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by substitutions of amino acids at positions corresponding to one or more an amino scids selected from the group consisting of the following (t) to (aj) and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine and/or the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase prior to such substitution: (t) substitution of glutamic acid at position 98 with an amino acid other than proline; that is, glutamine, histidine, lysine, arginine, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, cysteine, serine, threonine, asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan; (u) substitution of valine at position 259 with alanine, cysteine, or serine; (v) substitution of serine at position 154 with glycine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, or cysteine; (w) substitution of histidine at position 125 with alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, glutamic acid, lysine, or arginine; (x) substitution of tyrosine at position 261 with alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or lysine; (y) substitution of glycine at position 263 with lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid; (z) substitution of aspartic acid at position 106 with an amino acid having a lower molecular weight than aspartic acid; that is, glycine, alanine, serine, valine, threonine, cysteine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; (aa) substitution of glycine at position 103 with lysine, arginine, or histidine; (ab) substitution of alanine at position 355 with lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid; (ac) substitution of aspartic acid at position 96 with alanine, asparagine, histidine, or serine; (ad) substitution of lysine at position 66 with glycine and/or valine at position 67 with proline; (ae) substitution of glutamine at position 70 with proline; (af) substitution of threonine at position 100 with arginine; (ag) substitution of glutamine at position 110 with alanine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, asparagine, histidine, lysine, or arginine; (ah) substitution of alanine at position 113 with glutamic acid or lysine; (ai) substitution of leucine at position 114 with lysine or arginine; and (aj) substitution of aspartic acid at position 156 with asparagine.
 4. The amadoriase according to claim 3 comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 by amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of (ba) to (be) below: (ba) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine; (bb) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with arginine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine; (bc) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with glutamine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with alanine; (bd) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with arginine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine; and (be) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamine at position 110 with arginine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with alanine.
 5. An amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 272 by substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to glutamic acid at position 98 with alanine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 154 with asparagine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine and the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase prior to such substitution.
 6. An amadoriase comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 241 by amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of (ca) to (cc) below and exhibiting the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valyl histidine and the lowered reactivity to ε-fructosyl lysine relative to the reactivity to α-fructosyl valine compared with an amadoriase prior to such substitution: (ca) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 98 with alanine, substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to lysine at position 110 with arginine, and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine; (cb) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to serine at position 98 with alanine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine; and (cc) substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to lysine at position 110 with arginine and substitution of an amino acid at a position corresponding to valine at position 259 with cysteine.
 7. An amadoriase gene encoding the amino acid sequence according to claim
 1. 8. A recombinant vector comprising the amadoriase gene according to claim
 7. 9. A host cell comprising the recombinant vector according to claim
 8. 10. A method for producing an amadoriase, comprising the following steps: (ak) culturing the host cell according to claim 9; (al) expressing the amadoriase gene contained in the host cell; and (am) isolating the amadoriase from the culture product.
 11. A kit used for measuring glycated hemoglobin, comprising the amadoriase according to claim
 1. 